Staroslovenska ćirilica

Ćirilica je staroslovensko pismo koje spada u red mladih evropskih pisama i datira tek od 9. veka nove ere, a prethodila joj je glagoljica.

Nastanak slovenskog pisma

Glavni članak: Konstantin Filozof

Ranije slovenski narodi nisu imali pismo, nego su svoje znake - slova, urezivali u drvo. O tome postoje svedocanstva Crnorisca Hrabra. Medjutim, ni grcki ni latinski alfabet kojima su se sluzili slovenski narodi, nisu imali slova za slovenske glasove i tako je bilo otezano pisanje slovenskih imena i reci tudjim slovima. Stoga je primanjem hriscanstva za slovenske narode nastao veliki trenutak - sastavljanje slovenskog pisma, sto je omogucilo i razvijanje knjizevnosti na slovenskim jezicima.

Tesku glagoljicu, nepodesnu za brze umnozavanje knjiga koje su bile potrebne crkvi, vrlo brzo zamenjuje lakša cirilica. Po postanku, ona je mladja od glagoljice. Postoje samo hipoteze ko je autor cirilice - Sv. Metodije, prezviter Konstantin, car Simenon Veliki, a najverovatnije episkop Kliment.

Cirilica je sastavljena uglavnom od slova iz alfabeta grckog uncijalnog pisma 9. veka. Iz grcke uncijale su uzeta 23 slova malo izmenjena i njima je dodato 14 slova, verovatno iz glagoljice, za one glasove slovenskog jezika kojih nema u grckom. Svako slovo je imalo, kao i u glagoljici, dvojaku vrednost - glasovnu i brojnu tj. oznacavalo je i glas i broj (npr. a=1 itd). Brojna vrednost slova obelezavana je narocitim nadrednim - dijakritickim znakom, a cesto i sa strane slova. Slova imaju svoja imena ista kao i u glagoljici. Po imenima prva dva slova, az=а i buki=б,e naziv azbuka.

Slova glagoljice i ćirilice

glagoljica ćirilica naziv latinica glagoljski
broj
[1]
ćirilični
broj
A азъ (azъ) a 1 1
Б бѹкꙑ (buky) b 2
В вѣдѣ (vědě) v 3 2
Г глаголи (glagoli) g 4 3
Д добро (dobro) d 5 4
Е, Є єсть (jestъ) e, je 6 5
Ж живѣтє (živěte) ž 7
, Ѕ ѕѣло (dzělo) dz 8 6
, З зємл҄ꙗ (zemlja) z 9 7
Ⰹ, Ⰺ И и/ижє (i/iže) i, j 10 8
І, Ї и/ижє (i/iže) i, j 20 10
дѥрв (đervь) đ, ǵ, ć 30
К како (kako) k 40 20
Л людиѥ (ljudije) l, lj 50 30
М мꙑслитє (myslite) m 60 40
Н нашь (našь) n, nj 70 50
О онъ (onъ) o 80 70
П покои (pokoi) p 90 80
Р рьци (rьci) r, rʲ 100 100
С слово (slovo) s 200 200
Т тврьдо (tvrьdo) t 300 300
Оу, оукъ (ukъ) u 400 400
Ф фрьтъ (frьtъ) f 500 500
Х хѣръ (hěr) h 600 600
Ѡ ѡмега (omega) o, /ɔ/ 700 800
Ѿ отъ (otъ) ot 800
Щ ща (šta) št 800
Ц ци (ci) c 900 900
Ч чрьвь (črьvъ) č 1000 90
Ш ша (ša) š
Ъ ѥръ (jerъ) ŭ (poluglas)
ⰟⰊ ѥрꙑ (jery) y
Ь ѥрь (jerь) ĭ (poluglas)
Ѣ ѣть (jatь) ě
(jo) jo
Ю ю (ju) ju
(ja) ja
Ѥ ѥ (je) je
Ѧ ѧсъ (ęsъ) ę (nazalno e) 900
Ѩ ѩсъ (jęsъ)
Ѫ ѫсъ (ǫsъ) ǫ (nazalno o)
Ѭ ѭсъ (jǫsъ)
Ѯ ѯи (ksi) ks 60
Ѱ ѱи (psi) ps 700
Ѳ ѳита (thita) th 9
Ѵ ижица (ižica) i, y, v 400

Pored navedenih slova, koristi se još i ćirilična jota (Ꙇ ꙇ), preuzeta od grčke jote, za tranksripciju glagoljičkog slova .[2]

Rukopisi

Najstariji poznati cirilicki spomenik jeste Samuilova ploca iz 993. godine. Najstariji cirilicki spomenik sa teritorije Srbije jeste Temnicki natpis s kraja 10. ili pocetka 11. veka. Najstariji hrvatski cirilicki natpis jeste natpis na kamenu sa kraja 12. veka, sa ostrva Braca. U Makedoniji je to Suprasaljski rukopis iz 11. veka. Poznati staroslovenski cirilicki spomenik 11. veka su Hilandarski odlomci, nadjeni u podrumu Hilandara.

Najstariji srpski knjizevni spomenim pisan cirilicom jeste Miroslavljevo jevandjelje iz 12. veka. Najkarakteristicniji spomenik srpske recenzije je Vukanovo jevandjelje iz 13. veka. Pretpostavlja se da je Humacka ploca prvi i najstariji cirilicki natpis u Bosni i Hercegovini iz 11. veka.

Nasleđe

Glavni članak: Ćirilica

Iz ustavne (uncijalne) cirilice razvile su se vremenom, preko poluustavnog (poluuncijalnog) oblika, crkvena i svetovna azbuka kojom se i danas sluze Srbi, Makedonci, Rusi, Ukrajinci i Bugari.

Povezano

  1. Glagolitic alphabet
  2. Everson, Michael; Birnbaum, David; Cleminson, Ralph; Derzhanski, Ivan; Dorosh, Vladislav; Kryukov, Alexej; Paliga, Sorin; Ruppel, Klaas (2007-03-21), Proposal to encode additional Cyrillic characters in the BMP of the UCS, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3194R L2/07-003R 

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