Generalna kapetanija Gvatemala

Generalna kapetanija Gvatemala
Capitanía General de Guatemala
Generalna kapetanija
  
1609. – 1821.   
Zastava Grb
Zastava Grb
Lokacija Gvatemale
Lokacija Gvatemale
Kolonijalna Centralna Amerika, cca. 1600. godine
Glavni grad Antigua Guatemala
(1609–1775)
Guatemala
(1775–1821)
Jezik/ci španjolski jezik
Religija katolicizam
Vlada Monarhija
(generalna kapetanija)
Kralj
 • 1609. – 1621. Felipe III. (prvi)
 • 1814. – 1821. Fernando VII. (zadnji)
Generalni kapetan
 • 1609. – 1611. Alonso Criado (prvi)
 • 1821. Gabino Gaínza (zadnji)
Legislatura Kraljevska audijencija
Historija
 • Kolonizacija 1524.
 • Formiranje kolonije 1609.
 • Nezavisnost kolonija 15. rujna 1821.
Valuta pezo
Danas dio  Gvatemala
 Honduras
 Nikaragva
 Salvador
 Belize
 Kostarika
 Meksiko

Generalna kapetanija Gvatemala (španjolski: Capitanía General de Guatemala), znana i kao Kraljevina Gvatemala (španjolski: Reino de Guatemala) bila je kolonijalna administrativna jedinica Španjolskog Imperija koja se nalazila pod ingerencijom Nove Španjolske od 1609. godine. Gvatemala je obuhvaćala područje znatno veće od istoimene suvremene države te uključuje teritorije današnje Kostarike, Nikaragve, Hondurasa, Salvadora, Belizea te meksičke savezne države Chiapas.

Kolonizacija područja koje je obuhvaćalo tadašnju generalnu kapetaniju započela je 1524. godine, kada su kolonizatori organizirali ekspedicije na sjeveru prema Gvatemali i Hondurasu, odnosno na jugu prema Nikaragvi i Panami. Već u srpnju iste godine, Pedro de Alvarado je kakčikelski grad Iximché proglasio središtem područja pod španjolskom upravom, koje tada još uvijek nije bilo konsolidirano; grad je dobio stilizirani naziv Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala. Središte kolonije i kasnije generalne kapetanije mijenjano je mnogo puta tokom španjolske vlasti, da bi 1775. godine bilo trajno premješteno u grad Guatemala. Uz jačanje administracije i političke vlasti, Katolička crkva također je počela širiti svoj utjecaj na području Centralne Amerike.

Teritorij je 1609. godine službeno postao generalna kapetanija te je administrativno pripojen Vicekraljevstvu Nova Španjolska; Habsburška Španjolska u tom je periodu formirala i druge generalne kapetanije, poput Portorika (1580.), Kube (1607.) i Yucatána (1617.). U naredna dva stoljeća kolonijalne uprave, došlo je do konsolidacije crkvene uprave, ali i provođenja brojnih političko-administrativnih reformi koje su bile posljedica reformacijskih strujanja u matičnoj Španjolskoj, a za posljedicu su imale jačanje autonomije Gvatemale.

Nakon što je Fernando VII. svrgnut u sklopu Poluotočkog rata, došlo je do jačanja pokreta za nezavisnost latinoameričkih kolonija. Godine 1812., Cortes iz Cádiza podijelio je generalnu kapetaniju na dvije provincije - Gvatemalu (Gvatemala, Belize, Honduras, Salvador i Chiapas) te Nikaragvu i Kostariku. Te su provincije ukinute 1814. godine te ponovo uspostavljene 1820. godine, međutim tada su postojale samo godinu dana, prije nego su ukinute donošenjem Akta o nezavisnosti Centralne Amerike, kojim je dokinuta španjolska uprava na tom kontinentu. Lokalne elite podržale su Trogarantni plan iz Iguale te su se novonastale države zajednički priključile Meksičkom Carstvu, od kojega su se, kao Savezna Republika Centralne Amerike, odvojile 1823. godine.

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