Der große König

Der große König
RežijaVeit Harlan
ProducentVeit Harlan
ScenarioVeit Harlan
Uloge
MuzikaHans-Otto Borgmann
FotografijaBruno Mondi
MontažaFriedrich Karl von Puttkamer
StudioTobis Filmkunst
Datum(i) premijere
3. 3. 1942 (1942-03-03) (Berlin)
Trajanje118 min.
ZemljaTreći Reich Njemačka
Jeziknjemački

Der große König (sh. Veliki kralj) je njemački crno-bijeli historijski film snimljen 1942. godine u režiji Veita Harlana, poznat kao najskuplje i najspektakularnije filmsko ostvarenje Trećeg rajha, ali i kao jedan od posljednjih, ali i najboljih ostvarenja žanra tzv. Fridericus Rex filmova.

Predstavlja remake filma Fridericus snimljenog pet godina ranije, a u njemu Otto Gebühr ponavlja ulogu znamenitog pruskog kralja i vojskovođe Friedricha II Velikog. Radnja se događa od 1759. do 1762. u završnoj fazi sedmogodišnjeg rata i prikazuje kako se Pruska, nakon poraza od strane Austrijanaca i Rusa našla u kritičnoj situaciji, ali i kako je Friedrich, usprkos svih savjeta da kapitulira, nastavio voditi rat do konačne pobjede.

Der grosse König je napravljen u jeku drugog svjetskog rata, i imao je značajan propagandni naboj, odnosno nastojao je povući kod tadašnjih nacističkih vođa omiljene paralele između Friedricha i Adolfa Hitlera kao uspješnih državnika. Dodatni poticaj za snimanje je bilo povlačenje paralela između situacije u kojoj se našla Pruska i Treći rajh, kada je nakon poraza Nijemaca pred Moskvom i ulaska SAD u rat svima postalo jasno da neće biti brze i lake pobjede, odnosno da se njemački narod mora pripremiti na još veće žrtve i odricanja.

Naslovna uloga je originalno trebala pripasti Werneru Kraussu, jer se Gebühr smatrao prestarim. Na kraju je ipak odlučeno da Gebühr još jednom glumi Friedricha, jer se zaključilo da publika ne bi prihvatila nikoga drugoga. Tokom snimanja su Gebühr i Harlan nastojali lik Friedrich učiniti što sličnijim Hitleru, nastojeći imitirati njegove geste i način govora. Ministar propagande Joseph Goebbels se tome, misleći da će to biti shvaćeno kao parodija, usprotivio, no međutim je morao popustiti nakon što je materijal vidio sam Hitler i s njime bio oduševljen. U snimanje je uložen budžet od preko 4 miliona reichmsmaraka, a Harlanu su na raspolaganju bile hiljade vojnika i konja.

Sadržaj filma je u mnogo čemu podvrgnut prioritetima propagande. Tako se u filmu veliča Führerprinzip, pa čak i u slučajevima kada se domišljatost i odbijanje Friedrichovih naređenja pokazalo korisnim. U filmu su ispušteni ili pogrešno prikazani brojni historijski detalji, pa su tako pruski porazi od strane Rusa pripisani Austrijancima, a u filmu se uopće ne spominje da su u sedmogodišnjem ratu Friedrichu jedini saveznik bila Velika Britanija (sa kojom je Njemačka u vrijeme snimanja bila u ratu).

Iste godine je Der grosse König prikazan na venecijanskoj Mostri gdje je dobio Mussolinijev kup za najbolji strani film, te tako, uz Bengasi nagrađen u kategoriji italijanskog filma, postao posljednje ostvarenje sa tom nagradom. Nakon rata su ga zabranile savezničke vlasti, da bi nekoliko godina kasnije, uz određenja kraćenja, bio odobren za prikazivanje u Zapadnoj Njemačkoj. U Istočnoj Njemačkoj su neke njegove scene bile "reciklirane" za potrebe opernog filma Figaros Hochzeit 1949. godine i TV-serije Sachsens Glanz und Preußens Gloria 1980-ih.

Izvori

Literatura

  • Veit Harlan, Im Schatten meiner Filme. Selbstbiographie. Herausgegeben von H.C. Opfermann, Sigbert Mohn, Gütersloh 1966.
  • Curt Jany, Geschichte der Preußischen Armee vom 15. Jahrhundert bis 1914, Zweiter Band, Die Armee Friederichs des Großen 1740-1763, Nachdruck hrsg. von Eberhard Jany, Osnabrück 1967. Zum Siebenjährigen Krieg: 625ff.
  • Constanze Freiin von Kettler, Die Instrumentalisierung Preußens im nationalsozialistischen Propaganda-Spielfilm (Magisterarbeit), Grin Verlag 2004
  • Erwin Leiser, „Deutschland, erwache!“. Propaganda im Film des Dritten Reiches, Reinbek (Rowohlt) 1978
  • Axel Marquardt, Heinz Rathsack, Preußen im Film. Eine Retrospektive der Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek, Reinbek 1981
  • Eberhard Mertens (Zusammenstellung und Einleitung), Filmprogramme. Bd. 6: Die großen Preußenfilme. II. Produktion 1932–1945, Hildesheim, New York (Olms Press) 1981

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