Celularna biologija

Celularna biologija (ćelijska/stanična biologija; nekad citologija) je biološka disciplina koja za cilj ima proučavanje i razumevanje ćelija. Ovakvo proučavanje se odvija na mikroskopskom i molekularnom nivou i podrazumeva fizičke osobine ćelije, životni ciklus, ćelijsku deobu, fiziologiju i komunikaciju jedne ćelije sa drugom.

Podela ćelija

Sve ćelije se dele na prokariote i eukariote. Prokariote( Grčki pro pre i kario koštica ili jezgro) nemaju jasno ograđen region koji sadrži genetski materijal, DNK, od ostatka ćelije i ima jednostavniju građu od eukariota. Eukariote su druga vrsta ćelija koje imaju jasno definisan region sa genetski materijalom, veliki broj organela koje imaju određene funkcije i morfološki su komplikovanije.

Najočiglednija razlika između prokariotske i eukariotske ćelije je postojanje unutrašnjih membrana i njihove funkcije. Kod eukariota region koji sadrži genetski materijal je odvojen od ostatka ćelije membranom, dok kod prokariota taj region nema membranu i nije jasno definisan. Membrane kod eukariota takođe imaju važnu ulogu u strukturi različitih organela. Organele su intracelularne strukture koje imaju jasno određene funkcije u ćeliji analogno organima koji imaju jasno određene funkcije u telu. Samo ime organela (mali organ) je nastalo tako što su biolozi uvideli paralelu u odnosu organela i ćelije i organa i tela.

Citoplazma

Kada se eukariotska ćelija pogleda pomoću nisko rezolucionog elektronskog mikroskopa, najveće organele se mogu videti u naočigled bezličnoj homogenoj supstanci zvanoj citoplazmični matriks ili citoplazma. Iako naočigled iѕgleda bezlično, matriks je veoma važan za ćeliju i mesto je bitnih biohemijskih procesa. Nekoliko vidljivih promena u ćeliji, npr. viskozitet ćelije, je očigledan zahvaljujući citoplazmičnom matriksu.

70-85 % ukupne težine eukartioske ćelije čini voda, koja se u najvećem delu nalazi u citplazmičnom matriksu. Deo ove vode se nalazi u slobodnom stanju i predstavlja osmotski aktivnu vodu (videti Osmoza). Dok se ostatak vode nalazi na površini mnogih organela, proteina i drugih makromolekula i ona je osmotski neaktivna.

Najverovatnije sve ćelije imaju u svom sastavu strukture zvane mikrofilamenti koji su jako tanka proteinska vlakna, ne šira od 4 do 7 nm nanometar u prečniku, i oni mogu biti ili razbacani po unutrašnjosti ćelije ili strukturno organizovani. Mikrofilamenti igraju važnu ulogu u kretanju ćelije i njenom oblikovanju i formi.

Druga vrsta vlaknastih organela koje se takođe mogu naći u citplazmi su mikrotubule. Za sada se zna da imaju tri uloge u životu ćelije:

  • pomažu u održavanju oblika
  • zajedno sa mikrofilamentima učestvuju u njenom kretanju
  • učestvuju u intracelularnom transportu

Ove dve grupe vlaknastih organela pripadaju velikoj mreži koja se zove citoskeleton i koja za ulogu ima kretanje đelije i njeno oblikovanje. Prokariote nemaju visoko organizovani citoskeleton.

Organele

Ćelija sa organelama

U životu ćelije i njenom svakodnevnom fukncionisanju učestvuje veliki broj organela koje se nalaze u citoplazmi:

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