Iepure roșu

Iepure roșu
Ilustrație a P. crassicaudatus realizată de Geoffroy, 1832
Clasificare științifică
Regn: Animalia
Încrengătură: Chordata
Clasă: Mammalia
Ordin: Lagomorpha
Familie: Leporidae
Gen: Pronolagus
(Lyon, 1904)[1][2]
Specia tip
Lepus crassicaudatus
(I. Geoffroy, 1832)
Specii[3]

Iepurii roșii[4] sunt cele patru specii de iepuri africani ce alcătuiesc genul Pronolagus.[5][6][3]

Istorie taxonomică

Speciile din acest gen au fost anterior clasificate în genul Lepus, așa cum a făcut J. E. Gray,[7] sau în Oryctolagus, așa cum a făcut Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major.[8]

Genul Pronolagus a fost propus de Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr. în anul 1904, pe baza unui schelet care a fost etichetat ca Lepus crassicaudatus I. Geoffroy, 1832.[2] Lyon a recunoscut ulterior munca lui Oldfield Thomas și Harold Schwann, care au dezbătut că specimenul particular aparținea unei specii numite Pronolagus ruddi Thomas și Schwann 1905;[9] a scris că specia tip „ar trebui să rămână ca Pronolagus crassicaudatus Lyon (nu Geoffroy) = Pronolagus ruddi Thomas și Schwann”.[10]

P. ruddi nu mai este privită ca o specie separată, ci în schimb drept subspecie a iepurelui roșu cu coada groasă (P. crassicaudatus).[11][1]

În anii 1950, John Ellerman și Terence Morrison-Scott au clasificat Poelagus ca un subgen al Pronolagus.[12][11] B. G. Lundholm a privit P. randensis ca un sinonim al P. crassicaudatus.[13] Nici una dintre aceste clasificări nu mai primește mult sprijin.[14]

Speciile anterior propuse în gen includ:

  • P. melanurus (Rüppell, 1834)[15] (Acum un sinonim al P. rupestris)[6]
  • P. ruddi Thomas & Schwann, 1905[9] (Acum un sinonim[6] sau subspecie[5][1] a P. crassicaudatus)
  • P. intermedius Jameson, 1909[16]
  • P. whitei Roberts, 1938[17] (Acum un sinonim[6] sau subspecie[5][1] a P. randensis)
  • P. caucinus Thomas, 1929[18] (Acum un sinonim[6] sau subspecie[5][1] a P. randensis)
  • P. barretti Roberts, 1949[19] (Acum un sinonim al P. saundersiae)[6][5]

Specii extante

Acest gen conține următoarele specii extante:[3]

Imagine Denumire Autoritate Răspândire Comentarii
Iepure roșu cu coada groasă (Pronolagus crassicaudatus) I. Geoffroy, 1832[20][21] Provinciile de sud-est ale Africii de Sud (Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga și KwaZulu-Natal), partea de est a țării Lesotho, Eswatini (Hoëveld și Lumbobo) și sudul țării Mozambic (Provincia Maputo)[22]
Pronolagus randensis Jameson, 1907[23] Africa de Sud, Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia și Zimbabwe[24]
Iepure roșu al lui Smith (Pronolagus rupestris) A. Smith, 1834[25] Kenya (Valea Riftului), Lesotho, Malawi, estul Rhodesia, Africa de Sud (Northern Cape, Free State și North West), Tanzania, Zambia și posibil și Namibia[26]
Pronolagus saundersiae Hewitt, 1927[27] Africa de Sud (Limpopo, Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Western Cape, Free State, Northern Cape, Mpumalanga), Eswatini și Lesotho[28] Includerea sa în P. rupestris este obișnuită[14][29]

Descriere

Printre caracteristicile animalelor din acest gen se numără: lipsa unui os interparietal la adulți, urechi scurte (6,3–10,6 cm) și lipsa unei dungi de-a lungul fălcii.[30]

Fosile

Un craniu fosilă al unui animal din acest gen a fost găsit în Africa de Sud; Henry Lyster Jameson a numit specia drept Pronolagus intermedius[a] deoarece a fost descrisă ca fiind intermediară între P. crassiacaudatus și P. ruddi.[16]

Genetică

Toate speciile din acest gen au 21 de perechi de cromozomi (2n = 42).[30][6] Cariotipul pentru P. rupestris a fost publicat.[31][32] Cromozomii genului Pronolagus au fost supuși la patru fuziuni și o divizare din ipostaza ancestrală a ordinului Lagomorpha (2n=48), care să asemăna cu cariotipul genului Lepus.[33]

Note explicative

  1. ^ Documentul lui Jameson a scris numele noii specii drept Ronolagus intermedius, dar altundeva a descris-o ca făcând parte din genul Pronolagus.

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (). „Genus Pronolagus. În Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (ed. 3rd). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. 
  2. ^ a b Lyon, Marcus Ward Jr. () [1904]. „Classification of the Hares and their Allies”. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 45 (1456): 416–420. 
  3. ^ a b c Kingdon, Jonathan (). „Rock-Hares Pronolagus. The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals: Second Edition (ed. 2nd). London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 304–306. ISBN 978-1-4729-2531-2. 
  4. ^ Dumitru Murariu (). Din lumea mamiferelor. Volumul I - Mamifere terestre. București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Române. p. 123. ISBN 973-27-0151-X. 
  5. ^ a b c d e Collins, K. (). „Order Lagomorpha”. În Skinner, John D.; Chimimba, Christian T. The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion (ed. 3rd). Cambridge University Press. p. 73. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107340992.013. 
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Happold, D. C. D. (). „Genus Pronolagus Hewitt's Red Rock-hare”. În Happold, David C. D. Rodents, Hares and Rabbits. Mammals of Africa. 3. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 712–717. ISBN 978-1-4081-8992-4. 
  7. ^ Gray, J. E. (). „Notes on the Skulls of Hares (Leporidæ) and Picas (Lagomyidæ) in the British Museum”. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 3rd ser. 20 (117): 223. doi:10.1080/00222936708694118. 
  8. ^ Forsyth Major, C. I. (). „On Fossil and Recent Lagomorpha”. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 2nd Series: Zoology. 7 (9): 514. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1899.tb002021.x. 
  9. ^ a b Thomas, Oldfield; Schwann, Harold (). „The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.——III. List of the Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant in Zululand”. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1): 272–275. 
  10. ^ Lyon, Marcus W. Jr. (). „Type of the Genus Pronolagus. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 19: 95. 
  11. ^ a b Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S.; Hayman, R. W. (). „Lagomorpha — Leporidae”. Southern African Mammals 1758 to 1951: A Reclassification. London: Tonbridge. pp. 219–222. 
  12. ^ Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (). „Family Leporidae”. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946. London. pp. 420, 424–425. 
  13. ^ Lundholm, B. G. (). „Descriptions of New Mammals”. Annals of the Transvaal Museum. 22 (3): 293–294. hdl:10520/AJA00411752_408Accesibil gratuit. 
  14. ^ a b Meester, J. A. J.; Rautenbach, I. L.; Dippenaar, N. J.; Baker, C. M. (). „Order Lagomorpha”. Classification of Southern African Mammals. Transvaal Museum Monographs. 5. Transvaal Museum. pp. 298–307. hdl:10520/AJA090799001_112Accesibil gratuit. ISBN 0907990061. 
  15. ^ Rüppell, Eduard (). „Beschreibung mehrerer neuer Säugethiere, in der zoologischen Sammlung der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft befindlich”. Musem Senckenbergianum: Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der beschreibenden Naturgeschichte. 3: 137. 
  16. ^ a b Jameson, Lyster (). „On a Sub-fossil Hare from a Cave Deposit at Godwan River”. Annals of the Transvaal Museum. 1 (3): 195–196. 
  17. ^ Roberts, Austin (). „Descriptions of new forms of mammals”. Annals of the Transvaal Museum. 19 (2): 244. hdl:10520/AJA00411752_502Accesibil gratuit. 
  18. ^ Thomas, Oldfield (). „On Mammals from the Kaoko-Veld, South-West Africa, obtained during Captain Shortridge's fifth Percy Sladen and Kaffrarian Museum Expedition”. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 99 (2): 109–110. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1929.tb07691.x. 
  19. ^ Roberts, Austen (). „A New Pronolagus from Natal”. Annals of the Transvaal Museum. 21 (1): 179–180. hdl:10520/AJA00411752_472Accesibil gratuit. 
  20. ^ Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, Isidore (). „Remarques sur les principaux caractères des espèces du genre Lepus, considérés dans leur rapports avec les circonstances locales; suivies de la Description de trois nouvelles espèces”. Magasin de Zoologie. 2. Cl. I, Pl. 9. 
  21. ^ Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (). „Order Lagomorpha”. În Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (ed. 3rd). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. 
  22. ^ Child, M.F., Matthee, C.M. & Robinson, T.J. Pronolagus crassicaudatus. Lista roșie a speciilor periclitate IUCN. Versiunea 3.1. Uniunea Internațională pentru Conservarea Naturii. .  Downloaded on 25 April 2021.
  23. ^ Jameson, H. Lyster (). „On a new hare from the Transvaal”. Journal of Natural History. Ser. 7. 20 (119): 404–406. doi:10.1080/00222930709487358. 
  24. ^ Child, M.F., Matthee, C.M. & Robinson, T.J. Pronolagus randensis. Lista roșie a speciilor periclitate IUCN. Versiunea 3.1. Uniunea Internațională pentru Conservarea Naturii. .  Downloaded on 03 May 2021.
  25. ^ Smith, A. (). „An Epitome of African Zoology; or, A Concise Description of the Objects of the Animal Kingdom Inhabiting Africa, its Islands and Seas”. South African Quarterly Journal. Second Series. 2 (3): 174–175. 
  26. ^ Child, M.F., Matthee, C.M. & Robinson, T.J. Pronolagus rupestris. Lista roșie a speciilor periclitate IUCN. Versiunea 3.1. Uniunea Internațională pentru Conservarea Naturii. .  Downloaded on 24 February 2021.
  27. ^ Hewitt, John (). „On several new Rodents in the Albany Museum”. Records of the Albany Museum. 3 (5): 430–440; Plates 26, 27. 
  28. ^ Robinson, T.J., Child, M.F. & Matthee, C.M. Pronolagus saundersiae. Lista roșie a speciilor periclitate IUCN. Versiunea 3.1. Uniunea Internațională pentru Conservarea Naturii. .  Downloaded on 03 May 2021.
  29. ^ Duthie, A. G.; Robinson, T. J. (). „The African Rabbits”. În Chapman, Joseph A.; Flux, John E. C. Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. pp. 121–127. ISBN 2-8317-0019-1. 
  30. ^ a b Robinson, T.J. (). „Key to the South African Leporidae (Mammalia: Lagomorpha)”. South African Journal of Zoology. 17 (4): 220–222. doi:10.1080/02541858.1982.11447806Accesibil gratuit. 
  31. ^ Robinson, T. J. (). „Comparative chromosome studies in the family Leporidae (Lagomorpha, Mammalia)”. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 28 (1–2): 64–70. doi:10.1159/000131513. 
  32. ^ Robinson, Terence J. (). „Order Lagomorpha”. În O'Brien, Stephen J.; Menninger, Joan C.; Nash, William G. Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes (în engleză). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. pp. 342–355. doi:10.1002/0471779059. ISBN 9780471779056. 
  33. ^ Robinson, T. J.; Yang, F.; Harrison, W. R. (). „Chromosome painting refines the history of genome evolution in hares and rabbits (order Lagomorpha)”. Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 96: 223–227. doi:10.1159/000063034. PMID 12438803. 

Lectură suplimentară

  • en Allen, Glover M. (). „A Checklist of African Mammals”. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy. 83: 280–282. 
  • en Apps, Peter, ed. (). „Red Rock Rabbits”. Smithers' Mammals of Southern Africa: A Field Guide (ed. 3rd). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 119–122. ISBN 978-1-86872-550-2. [nefuncțională]
  • en Bronner, G. N.; Hoffmann, M.; Taylor, P. J.; Chimimba, C. T.; Best, P. B.; Matthee, C. A.; Robinson, T. J. (). „A revised systematic checklist of the extant mammals of the southern African subregion”. Durban Museum Novitates (în engleză). 28 (1): 61. hdl:10520/AJA0012723X_1504Accesibil gratuit. 

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