Comerț

Intérêts des nations de l'Europe, dévélopés relativement au commerce, 1766

Prin comerț se înțelege oferta unor mărfuri, în schimbul unor mijloace de plată (bani) sau alte mărfuri de schimb, prețul acestor mărfuri fiind stabilit după raportul pe piață dintre „cerere” și „ofertă”.

Comerțul se limitează la cumpărarea, transportul și vânzarea mărfurilor. Dacă societatea unde are loc comerțul este mai diferențiată și complexă apare necesitatea experților în acest schimb de produse.

Comerț în sensul strict al cuvântului, există numai acolo unde al treilea participant (comerciantul) este implicat participă activ și realizează un profit prin schimbul de mărfuri. Acest schimb a determinat necesitatea unor înțelegeri sau acorduri comerciale, prin care se stabilesc anumite reguli dintre parteneri, fiind acorduri regionale sau extinse

În cadrul comerțului se mai poate aminti exportul și importul de mărfuri, precum și taxele vamale, acestea din urmă având o tendență de dispariție prin procesul de globalizare.

Există și unele aspecte negative al comerțului, ca de exemplu:

  • Comerțul cu sclavi
  • Comerțul cu droguri
  • Comerțul cu arme
  • Comerțul cu organe (umane)
  • Comerțul cu femei (prostituție)
  • Comerțul cu copii

În anul 1991, 70% din comerțul mondial se desfășura pe căile maritime.[1] În 2011, 92 la sută din comerțul mondial se desfășoară pe mare.[1]

Țara europeană cu cel mai mare volum al comerțului este Germania. Având o industrie foarte dezvoltată, Germania exportă foarte multe produse prelucrate, dar are nevoie de o cantitate mare de materii prime și combustibili, pe care le importa din alte țări. De asemenea, Germania importă o mare parte din produsele alimentare de care are nevoie, deoarece agricultura nu acoperă tot consumul populației.

Etimologie

Commerce este derivat din Commercium, limba latină, de la cum "împreună" și merx "mărfuri".[2]

Istoric

Preistorie

Comerțul a provenit din comunicarea umană în perioadele preistorice. Comercializarea a fost principala facilitate a oamenilor preistorici, care au făcut schimb de bunuri și servicii unul față de celălalt înainte de inovarea monedei moderne. Peter Watson datează istoria comerțului pe distanțe lungi de la circa 150.000 de ani î.Hr.[3]

În regiunea mediteraneană, cel mai vechi contact între culturi a fost reprezentat de membrii speciei Homo sapiens, folosind în principal fluviul Dunărea, la un moment dat începând cu 35.000-30.000 de ani î.Hr.[4][5][6]

Caduceul a fost folosit astăzi ca simbol al comerțului[7] cu care Mercur a fost în mod tradițional asociat.

Istoria antică

Comerțul se crede că a avut loc în mare parte din istoria umană înregistrată. Există dovezi ale schimbului de obsidian și silex în timpul erei de piatră. Comerțul cu obsidian este considerat a avut loc în Guineea din 17.000 î.Hr.[8][9]

Comerțul în epoca de piatră a fost investigat de Robert Carr Bosanquet în săpăturile din 1901.[10][11] Comerțul se crede că a început mai întâi în Asia de sud-vest. [12][13]

Dovezile arheologice de utilizare a obsidianului oferă date despre modul în care acest material a fost tot mai mult alegerea preferată, mai degrabă decât chert de la sfârșitul mesolitului până la neolit, necesitând schimburi, deoarece depozitele de obsidian sunt rare în regiunea mediteraneeană.[14][15][16]

Vezi și

Note

  1. ^ a b Armando Guedes: "NATO trebuie să asigure securitate în Atlanticul de Sud", 22 noiembrie 2011, Paul Ciocoiu, Evenimentul zilei, accesat la 7 august 2012
  2. ^ Wikisource Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (). „Commerce”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (ed. 11). Cambridge University Press. p. 766. 
  3. ^ Watson (2005), Introduction.
  4. ^ D Abulafia; O Rackham; M Suano, The Mediterranean in History, Getty Publications, 1 Mar 2011, ISBN 1606060570, accesat în  
  5. ^ V Stefansson. Great Adventures and Explorations: From the Earliest Times to the Present As Told by the Explorers Themselves[nefuncțională] Kessinger Publishing, 30 May 2005 ISBN: 1417990902 Retrieved 2012-06-26 [nefuncțională]
  6. ^ National Maritime Historical Society. Sea History, Issues 13-25 published by National Maritime Historical Society 1979. Retrieved 2012-06-26
  7. ^ Hans Biedermann, James Hulbert (trans.), Dictionary of Symbolism - Cultural Icons and the Meanings behind Them, p. 54.
  8. ^ (secondary)G G Lowder – Studies in volcanic petrology: I. Talasea, New Guinea. II. Southwest Utah University of California, 1970 Retrieved 2012-06-28
  9. ^ T Darvill, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology, Oxford University Press, 10 Oct 2008, ISBN 0199534047, accesat în  
  10. ^ Vernon Horace Rendall, ed. (). The Athenaeum. J. Francis.  Retrieved 2012-06-09
  11. ^ Donald A. Mackenzie – Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europepublished 1917ISBN: 1605063754 Retrieved 2012-06-09
  12. ^ R L Smith, Premodern Trade in World History, Taylor & Francis, 2009, ISBN 0415424763, accesat în  
  13. ^ P Singh – Neolithic cultures of western Asia Seminar Press, 20 Aug 1974
  14. ^ J Robb, The Early Mediterranean Village: Agency, Material Culture, and Social Change in Neolithic Italy, Cambridge University Press, 23 July 2007, ISBN 0521842417, accesat în  
  15. ^ P Goldberg, V T Holliday, C Reid Ferring – Earth Sciences and Archaeology Springer, 2001 ISBN: 0306462796 Retrieved 2012-06-28
  16. ^ S L Dyson, R J Rowland – Archaeology And History In Sardinia From The Stone Age To The Middle Ages: Shepherds, Sailors, & Conquerors University of Pennsylvania – Museum of Archaeology, 2007 ISBN: 1934536024 Retrieved 2012-06-28

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