Aer

Compoziția aerului

Aerul este amestecul de gaze alcătuind straturile inferioare ale atmosferei Pământului.

Compoziția aerului

După volum, aerul (atmosfera Pământului) conține[1][2]:

Componentele principale Urme de:

Cantitatea de vapori de apă din aer variază considerabil depinzând de vreme, climă și altitudine.

Proprietăți fizice

Masa molară a aerului este de 28,9586±0,0002 g/mol.[3]

Aerul la temperaturi destul ridicate față de temperatura sa de fierbere (−194,25 °C, v. mai jos) se comportă practic ca un gaz ideal, ca urmare densitatea sa, ρ, se poate calcula din ecuația termodinamică de stare a gazului ideal:[4]

care pentru n = 1 mol poate fi adusă la forma:

unde

p este presiunea, în Pa,
J/kg este constanta Regnault pentru aer.[5]

La presiune normală (p = 101325 Pa) relația de calcul a densității aerului devine:

Tabelul următor conține câteva valori calculate cu această relație.

Temp. [°C] -100 -50 0 50 100 200 500 1000
Temp. [K] 173 223 273 323 373 473 773 1273
ρ [kg/m3] 2,0382 1,5815 1,2920 1,0921 0,9457 0,7459 0,4565 0,2772

Capacitatea termică masică la presiune constantă, cp, în intervalul de temperatură 0–100 °C la presiune normală (1 atm = 101325 Pa) este prezentată în funcție de temperatură în tabelul următor.[6]

Temp. [°C] 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temp. [K] 273 283 293 303 313 323 333 343 353 363 373
cp [J/mol K] 29,13 29,13 29,14 29,15 29,17 29,18 29,20 29,22 29,24 29,27 29,29
cp [kJ/kg K] 1,006 1,006 1,006 1,007 1,007 1,008 1,008 1,009 1,010 1,011 1,011

Coeficientul de dilatare volumică în funcție de temperatura T [K] se poate determina cu relația:[7]

Aer comprimat

Aerul comprimat este aerul din atmosferă menținut sub o presiune mai mare decât cea atmosferică.

Aer lichid

Aerul lichid se obține prin răcirea aerului sub temperatura de –140,6 °C (132,6 K) și menținere la o presiune de peste 3,79 MPa (37,9 bar).[3]

Temperatura de fierbere a aerului lichid este de −194,25 °C (78,903 K).[3]

Densitatea aerului lichid (la −194,25 °C) este de ≈320 kg/m3.[3]

Note

  1. ^ en Cox, Arthur N., ed. (), Allen's Astrophysical Quantities (ed. Fourth), AIP Press, pp. 258–259, ISBN 0-387-98746-0 
  2. ^ en Haynes, H. M., ed. (), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (ed. 97th), CRC Press, p. 14Format:Hyphen3, ISBN 978-1-4987-5428-6 , which cites Allen's Astrophysical Quantities but includes only ten of its largest constituents.
  3. ^ a b c d Lemmon ș.a. p. 334
  4. ^ Bazil Popa (coord.), Manualul inginerului termotehnician, vol. 1, București: Editura Tehnică, 1986, p. 142
  5. ^ en Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N.; Newell, David B. (). „CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006” (PDF). Rev. Mod. Phys. 80: pp. 633–730. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.633.  Legătură directă spre valoare.
  6. ^ Lemmon ș.a. p. 367
  7. ^ Dickson, 2007, p. 378

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