Ultra-alto vácuo

O ultra-alto vácuo é, entre outros, empregado em microscópios de corrente de tunelamento.

Ultra-alto vácuo (em inglês: ultra-high vacuum) é um estrato do vácuo caracterizado por pressões menores do que 10−7 pascal ou 100 nanopascals (10−9 mbar, ~10−9 torr). O ultra-alto vácuo, UHV (do inglês: Ultra-high vacuum), necessita do uso de materiais raros para a construção do equipamento e do esquentamento do sistema para remover a água e restos de gases que se depositam nas superfícies da câmara. A pressões tão baixas, o percurso livre, médio, de uma molécula de gás é de aproximadamente 40 km, o que faz com que as moléculas choquem muitas vezes com as paredes da câmara antes de chocarem entre elas. Por isto, a maior parte dos choques das moléculas são com as superfícies da câmara.

Conceitos envolvidos

Limitações dos materiais

Materiais que não podem ser utilizados devido a baixa pressão dos gases:

  • A maioria dos compostos orgânicos não podem ser usados:
    • plásticos exceto PTFE e PEEK: as juntas são feitas de cobre e são usadas apenas uma vez; os plásticos para outros usos são substituídos por cerâmicas ou metais
    • colas: colas especiais para alto vácuo devem ser utilizadas
  • aço: devido à sua oxidação, que aumenta a área de absorção, somente o aço inoxidável é usado
  • chumbo: soldaduras são feitas sem recorrer a soldas que usem a este metal

Limitações técnicas:

  • parafusos: os sulcos têm uma superfície com uma área grande e tendem a prender gases, por isso são evitados
  • soldagem: soldadura convencional não pode ser usada por formar superfícies de grande área e porque forma pequenas câmaras, que prenderiam gás à pressão atmosférica, que seria lentamente liberto durante a remoção de gases.

Usos típicos do ultra-alto vácuo

O ultra-alto vácuo é necessário para técnicas de análise de superfícies como

O ultra-alto vácuo é necessário nestas técnicas para reduzir a contaminação das superfícies ao reduzir o número de moléculas que chocam com a amostra num determinado intervalo de tempo. A pressões de 0.1 mPa (10−6 Torr), leva apenas 1 segundo para cobrir a superfície com contaminantes, e por isto, pressões mais baixas são necessárias para experiências mais duradouras.

O ultra-alto vácuo é também necessário para:

e, quando não é obrigatório, pode melhorar técnicas como:

Referências

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