Tratado Centro-Americano de Paz e Amizade de 1923

Tratado Centro-Americano de Paz e Amizade de 1923
Tratado Centro-Americano de Paz e Amizade de 1923
Tratado Geral de Paz e Amizade de 1923
Tipo Tratado de paz regional
Local de assinatura Washington D.C., Estados Unidos
Signatário(a)(s)
Assinado 7 de fevereiro de 1923[1]
Expiração 1932[2][a]
1934[3][b]

O Tratado Centro-Americano de Paz e Amizade de 1923, oficialmente conhecido como Tratado Geral de Paz e Amizade de 1923, foi um tratado assinado pelas cinco nações da América Central em 1923 que estabeleceu que todas as nações condenariam e não reconheceriam nenhum governo que surgisse em qualquer um dos cinco países signatários por meios ilegais (por exemplo: golpe de Estado, revolução). O tratado permaneceu efetivo desde sua assinatura em 7 de fevereiro de 1923 até ser denunciado pela Corte Centro-Americana de Justiça em 1934.

Histórico

Um tratado semelhante foi assinado e ratificado através do Tratado Centro-Americano de Paz e Amizade de 1907, mas o mesmo desmoronou em 1917 quando a Nicarágua o rejeitou.[2]

As cinco nações - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras e Nicarágua - concordaram em elaborar um novo tratado com uma função semelhante e foram convidadas pelo presidente dos Estados Unidos Warren G. Harding em 4 de dezembro de 1922 para redigir e assina-lo em Washington D.C.[4][5] O tratado delineava que nenhuma nação signatária reconheceria qualquer governo que surgisse em qualquer outra nação signatária que ascendesse ao poder através de uma revolução ou de um golpe de Estado.[4] Também proibiu a assinatura de quaisquer tratados secretos entre nações, proibiu mudanças radicais de Constituições, proibiu nações de intervir em guerras civis e reafirmou a legitimidade da Corte Centro-Americana de Justiça.[5] Além disso, também impôs limitações aos armamentos militares e navais.[5]

Os Estados Unidos não assinaram o tratado, mas seguiram seus termos, conforme demonstrado quando se recusaram a reconhecer a mudança de governo em El Salvador quando o general Maximiliano Hernández Martínez derrubou o presidente democraticamente eleito, Arturo Araujo, em 2 de dezembro de 1931.[6] A recusa inicial dos Estados Unidos em reconhecer o governo de Hernández Martínez, no entanto, levou ao eventual colapso do tratado, já que em 1932, tanto a Costa Rica quanto El Salvador rejeitaram o tratado em 23 de dezembro e 26 de dezembro, respectivamente.[2][7] Embora El Salvador nunca tenha ratificado o tratado, a Costa Rica o fez, deixando o tratado com apenas Guatemala e Nicarágua como seus únicos adeptos legais, já que Honduras também nunca o ratificou.[2][4]

Em 1934, a Corte Centro-Americana de Justiça denunciou o tratado, encerrando efetivamente a sua legalidade em todas as cinco nações.[3]

Notas

  1. O Tratado foi rejeitado por El Salvador e Costa Rica em 1932.
  2. O Tratado foi rejeitado pela Corte Centro-Americana de Justiça em 1934.

Referências

  1. «General Treaty of Peace and Amity, 1923». UIA. 2003 
  2. a b c d «Washington Treaties of 1907 and 1923». Encyclopedia.com. 2019 
  3. a b Grieb, Kenneth J. (1971). «The United States and General Jorge Ubico's Retention of Power». Pan American Institute of Geography and History. Revista de Historia de América (71): 119–135. JSTOR 20138983 
  4. a b c Anderson, Chandler P. (1925). «The Central American Policy of Non-Recognition». Cambridge University Press. The American Journal of International Law. 19 (1): 164–166. JSTOR 2189093. doi:10.2307/2189093 
  5. a b c James, Herman G. (1924). «Latin America in 1923». American Political Science Association (publicado em 1925). The American Political Science Review. 18 (3): 541–552. JSTOR 1944176. doi:10.2307/1944176 
  6. Carmelo Francisco esmeralda Astilla (1976). «The Martinez Era: Salvadoran-American Relations, 1931-1944.». Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College 
  7. Woolsey, L. H. (1934). «The Recognition of the Government of El Salvador». Cambridge University Press. The American Journal of International Law. 28 (2): 325–329. JSTOR 2190933. doi:10.2307/2190933 

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