Religiões tradicionais africanas

As religiões tradicionais africanas, também referidas como religiões indígenas africanas, englobam manifestações culturais, religiosas e espirituais originárias do continente africano e que continuam sendo praticadas nesse continente nos dias atuais. Há uma multiplicidade de religiões dentro desta categoria. Religiões tradicionais africanas envolvem ensinamentos, práticas e rituais, e visam a compreender o divino. Mesmo dentro de uma mesma comunidade, no entanto, podem haver pequenas diferenças quanto à percepção do sobrenatural. São religiões que não foram significativamente alteradas pelas religiões adotadas mais recentemente (cristianismo, budismo, islamismo, judaísmo e outras). Estima-se que estas religiões sejam seguidas atualmente por aproximadamente 100 milhões de pessoas em todo o território africano.

Os africanos quase sempre reconhecem a existência de um Deus Supremo ou Demiurgo que criou o Universo (Olodumarê,[1] ou Olorum, Mawu, Zambi etc). Muitas histórias tradicionais africanas falam que Deus, ou seu filho, uma vez viveu entre os homens, mas que, quando os homens fizeram algo que ofendeu a Deus, o divino retirou-se para os céus. Religiões tradicionais africanas são definidas em grande parte por linhagens étnicas e tribais, como a religião iorubá.

Religiões tradicionais africanas e línguas

A chamada máscara de Canaga é um dos muitos tipos de máscara conhecidos pelos dogons

A maioria das religiões tradicionais africanas tem, na maior parte de sua existência, sido transmitida oralmente (em vez de por escrito).[2] Assim, os peritos linguísticos tais como Christopher Ehret[3] e Placide Tempels aplicaram seus conhecimentos de línguas para reconstruir a opinião do núcleo original dos seguidores dessas tradições. As quatro famílias linguísticas faladas na África são: Línguas afro-asiáticas, línguas nilo-saarianas, Níger-Congo e Línguas khoisan.

Classificação e estatísticas

Adherents.com lista as "religiões tradicionais africanas e da diáspora" como um "grande grupo religioso", estimando cerca de 10 milhões de adeptos. Eles justificam esta listagem combinada das religiões tradicionais africanas e da diáspora africana, bem como a separação da categoria genérica "indígenas-primitivas", salientando que "as religiões 'indígenas-primitivas' são essencialmente tribais e compostas por povos pré-tecnológicos."

Tradições de cada região da África

Norte da África
África Ocidental
África Central
África Oriental
Sul da África

Diáspora africana

A mitologia africana foi levada para as Américas pelos africanos escravizados. As que mais se tem notícia são: a mitologia fon daomeana, mitologia iorubá, mitologia ibo, mitologia fânti, mitologia axânti, mitologia angola, mitologia congo, mitologia banta (que, mais tarde, tornou-se uma mitologia mestiça nas religiões afro-americanas).

Ver também

Referências

  1. Bewaji, J. A. I. (sem data) "Olodumare: God in Yoruba Belief and the Theistic Problem of Evil" African Studies Quarterly. Arquivado em 17 de maio de 2010, no Wayback Machine. (em inglês)
  2. Princetonline, Early History of Africa http://www.princetonol.com/groups/iad/lessons/middle/history1.htm Arquivado em 7 de outubro de 2009, no Wayback Machine.
  3. Ehret, C. As civilizações da África: uma História de 1800, University Press of Virginia. 2002.

Bibliografia

  • Lista de livros com tema afro-brasileiro em Português.
  • Mbiti, John (1990) [1969]. African Religions and Philosophy. [S.l.]: African Writers Series, Heinemann. ISBN 0-435-89591-5 
  • Wade Abimbola, ed. and trans. Ifa Divination Poetry (New York: NOK, 1977).
  • Ulli Beier, ed. The Origins of Life and Death: African Creation Myths (London: Heinemann, 1966).
  • Herbert Cole, Mbari: Art and Life among the Owerri Igbo (Bloomington: Indiana University press, 1982).
  • J. B. Danquah, The Akan Doctrine of God: A Fragment of Gold Coast Ethics and Religion, second edition (London: Cass, 1968).
  • Marcel Griaule and Germaine Dietterlen, Le Mythe Cosmogonique (Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie, 1965).
  • Rems Nna Umeasigbu, The Way We Lived: Ibo Customs and Stories (London: Heinemann, 1969).
  • Sandra Barnes, África's Ogun: Old World and New (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989).
  • Segun Gbadagesin, African Philosophy: Traditional Yoruba Philosophy and Conteporary African Realities (New York: Peter Lang, 1999).
  • Judith Gleason, Oya, in Praise of an African Goddess (Harper Collins, 1992).
  • Bolaji Idowu, God in Yoruba Belief (Plainview: Original Publications, rev. and enlarged ed., 1995)
  • Wole Soyinka, Myth, Literature and the African World (Cambridge University Press, 1976).
  • S. Solagbade Popoola, Ikunle Abiyamo: It is on Bent Knees that I gave Birth (2007 Asefin Media Publication)
    • <Chidester, David "Religions of South Africa" pp. 17-19>

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