Regime político

Formas de governo pelo mundo em Abril de 2006:
  Monarquias parlamentares constitucionais em que o monarca não exerce poder pessoal.
  Monarquias parlamentares constitucionais em que o monarca exerce poder pessoal (muitas vezes ao lado de um parlamento fraco).
  Países que não se encaixam em nenhum dos sistemas acima.

Regime político, na ciência política, é o nome que se dá ao conjunto de instituições políticas por meio das quais um Estado se organiza de maneira a exercer o seu poder sobre a sociedade. Cabe notar que esta definição é válida mesmo que o governo seja considerado ilegítimo.

Tais instituições políticas têm por objectivo regular a disputa pelo poder político e o seu respectivo exercício, inclusive o relacionamento entre aqueles que detêm o poder político (autoridade) e os demais membros da sociedade (administrados).

O regime político adotado por um Estado não deve ser confundido com a sua forma de Estado (Estado unitário ou federal), com o seu sistema de governo (presidencialismo , parlamentarismo, dentre outros) ou com sua forma de governo.

Outra medida de cautela a ser observada ao estudar-se o assunto é ter presente o fato de que é complicado categorizar as formas de governo. Cada sociedade é única em muitos aspectos e funciona segundo estruturas de poder e sociais específicas. Assim, alguns estudiosos afirmam que existem tantas formas de governo quanto há sociedades.

Regimes políticos antigos

Regimes políticos contemporâneos

São, em geral, classificados em:[carece de fontes?]

Democracia

Os regimes políticos democráticos se caracterizam por eleições livres, liberdade de imprensa, respeito aos direitos civis constitucionais, garantias para a oposição e liberdade de organização e expressão do pensamento político.

Autoritarismo

Os regimes políticos autoritários, como os que existiram na América Latina nos anos 1960/1970, operavam através da suspensão das garantias individuais e das garantias políticas. No regime político autoritário as normas constitucionais são manipuladas ou reeditadas conforme os interesses do grupo ou partido que detêm o poder.

Totalitarismo

Os regimes políticos totalitaristas diferem fundamentalmente dos dois regimes citados. No totalitarismo, o regime político está concentrado em uma pessoa que representa a figura de um “Führer” (comandante supremo). Nos regimes políticos totalitários não há nenhuma instituição política que possa representar qualquer vestígio de democracia. Tais regimes ocorreram entre os anos 1920/1945 na forma de fascismo na Itália e Espanha, nazismo na Alemanha e estalinismo na União Soviética.

Referências

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