National Recovery Administration

Poster da Blue Eagle ("Águia Azul") da NRA. Devia ser impressa em vitrinas de lojas, em embalagens e anúncios publicitários. Quando impressa em cores, a águia era azul, daí o nome.

Como parte do New Deal nos Estados Unidos, a National Recovery Administration (Administração de Recuperação Nacional), criada pelo National Industrial Recovery Act, foi desenvolvida pelo presidente Franklin D. Roosevelt e sua equipe ministerial. Permitia que as indústrias criassem códigos de competição justos, os quais eram planejados para reduzir a competição predatória e para ajudar os trabalhadores, estabelecendo uma renda mínima e um máximo de horas de trabalho semanais.

A NRA, simbolizada pela águia azul, tornou-se popular entre os trabalhadores. Negócios apoiados pela NRA colocavam o símbolo nas vitrinas e em suas embalagens.

Histórico

Seu primeiro diretor foi Hugh S. Johnson, um general aposentado e homem de negócios bem-sucedido. Johnson encarava a NRA como uma cruzada nacional destinada a restabelecer o pleno emprego e revitalizar a indústria. Johnson foi exonerado em 1934, e no início de 1935, o novo diretor, Samuel Williams anunciou que a NRA não iria mais estabelecer preços, mas os empresários reclamaram. Williams disse-lhes então que, a menos que pudessem provar que isso seria danosos para os negócios, a NRA poria um fim ao controle de preços. Segundo declarou, "maior produtividade e mais empregos serão obtidos se maior flexibilidade de preços for conquistada". Entre 2.000 empresários ouvidos pela revista Time, cerca de 90% se opunham ao objetivo fixado por Williams. "Para eles, um preço garantido para seus produtos parecia-se como uma estrada real para os lucros. Um preço fixo acima dos custos havia se provado como um salva-vidas para mais de um produtor ineficiente". A posição empresarial foi resumida por George A. Sloan, líder da Cotton Textile Code Authority:

Cerca de 23.000.000 de pessoas trabalharam sob o código justo da NRA. Todavia, violações do código tornaram-se comuns e tentativas foram feitas para que os tribunais endossassem a NRA. A NRA incluía uma multiplicidade de regulamentos impondo preços e padrões de produção para todo tipo de bens e serviços. Pessoas eram presas por não concordar com tais disposições. Por exemplo, um homem chamado Jack Magid foi encarcerado por violar o "Tailor's Code" ("Código dos Alfaiates") ao passar um terno por 35 centavos de dólar, em vez dos 40 exigidos pela NRA. John T. Flynn, em seu livro The Roosevelt Myth (1944) relata:

Em 1935, no caso Schecter Poultry Corp. v. US, a Suprema Corte declarou que a NRA era inconstitucional, pois dava ao presidente poder em demasia.[2] A NRA rapidamente cessou suas operações, mas muitas de suas disposições trabalhistas reapareceram no Wagner Act de 1935.

Sátira

  • O humorista Richard Armour, que estava com quase trinta anos quando a NRA começou, declarou no livro It All Started with Columbus (uma paródia da história estadunidense), que o principal objetivo da NRA era "salvar a rara Águia Azul".

Referências

  1. "Dollar Men & Prices" in Time (21 de Jan. de 1935), online
  2. «The Supreme Court Historical Society.». Consultado em 20 de outubro de 2007. Arquivado do original em 7 de fevereiro de 2009 
  • BEST, Gary Dean. Pride, Prejudice, and Politics: Roosevelt Versus Recovery, 1933-1938. Praeger Publishers, 1991.
  • HAWLEY, Ellis W. The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly. Princeton, UP, 1968.
  • JOHNSON, Hugh S. The Blue Eagle, from Egg to Earth, 1935 (memórias de um diretor da NRA).
  • LYON, Leverett S.; HOMAN, Paul T.; LORWIN, Lewis L.; TERBORGH, George; DEARING, Charles L.; Leon Marshall C. The National Recovery Administration: An Analysis and Appraisal. The Brookings Institution, 1935.
  • OHL, John Kennedy. Hugh S. Johnson and the New Deal, 1985. Bibliografia acadêmica.
  • SCHLESINGER, Arthur Meier. The Coming of the New Deal, 1958, pp. 87-176, versão online

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