Modelo biopsicossocial

O modelo biopsicossocial é um conceito amplo que visa estudar a causa ou o progresso de doenças utilizando-se de fatores biológicos (genéticos, bioquímicos, etc), fatores psicológicos (estado de humor, de personalidade, de comportamento, etc) e fatores sociais (culturais, familiares, socioeconômicos, médicos, etc).[1] O modelo biopsicossocial ao contrário do modelo biomédico, o qual atribui a doença apenas a fatores biológicos como vírus, genes ou anormalidades somáticas,[2] abrange disciplinas que vão desde a medicina à psicologia e à sociologia. Por ser um conceito recente, sua prevalência varia entre as disciplinas.[1][3]

História

Em 1977, no artigo da revista científica Science,[2] o psiquiatra George L. Engel chamou a atenção para "a necessidade de um novo modelo médico" e, utilizando um exemplo hipotético, demonstrou a relação entre diversos fatores que podem influenciar na doença de um paciente.[4] Assim, o exemplo de Engel oferece um ponto de partida para uma compreensão mais ampla da prática clínica.

Descrição do modelo

O modelo biopsicossocial mantém contato com diversas disciplinas, principalmente aquelas que possuem um enfoque nos três fatores principais ao qual o modelo propõe analisar, sendo eles:

  • Componente Biológico: procura compreender como a causa da doença decorre no funcionamento do corpo do indivíduo.
  • Componente Psicológico: procura potenciais causas psicológicas para um problema de saúde, como a falta de auto-controle, perturbações emocionais e pensamento negativo.
  • Componente Social: investiga como os diferentes fatores sociais, como o status socioeconômico, cultura e as relações sociais podem influenciar a saúde.

O modelo biopsicossocial baseia-se, em parte, na teoria social cognitiva, o que implica o processo de tratamento da doença requerer uma equipe de saúde que pontue aspectos biológicos, psicológicos e sociais que influenciaram um paciente. Em um sentido filosófico, o modelo biopsicossocial afirma que o funcionamento do corpo pode afetar a mente e o funcionamento da mente pode afetar o corpo.[5]

Ver também

Referências

  1. a b J. W., Santrock (2007). A Topical Approach to Human Life-span Development (em inglês). [S.l.: s.n.] 
  2. a b Engel, George L. (1977). «The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine» (em inglês). Science 
  3. Penney, J. N. (2010). The biopsychosocial model of pain and contemporary osteopathic practice (em inglês). International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine: [s.n.] 
  4. Engel, George L. (1980). The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model (em inglês). American Journal of Psychiatry: [s.n.] 
  5. Halligan, P. W.; Aylward, M. (2006). The Power of Belief: Psychosocial influence on illness, disability and medicine (em inglês). Oxford University Press: [s.n.] 

Bibliografia

  • Melchert, Timothy P.. Foundations of professional psychology: The end of theoretical orientations and the emergence of the biopsychosocial approach. London: Elsevier, 2011. Print.

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