Lei de Avogadro

Na termodinâmica, a lei de Avogadro, também conhecida como lei de Avogadro-Ampère, é um conjunto de leis matemáticas que tratam da quantidade de matéria em gases a diferentes temperaturas. Sendo os gases extremamente expansíveis, suas moléculas ocupam todo o espaço disponível no recipiente que os contém. Assim, o volume do gás corresponde à capacidade do recipiente.[1]

Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856), cientista italiano, num artigo publicado no Journal de Physique, em 1811, incluía a sua famosa hipótese: iguais volumes de gases diferentes, sob as mesmas condições de pressão e de temperatura, contêm igual número de moléculas. A constante de Avogadro, NA, foi assim nomeada em sua homenagem

A "hipótese de Avogadro", proposta em 1811 por Amedeo Avogadro, seria uma forma de expressar uma lei de conservação, que futuramente passaria a ser chamada de "lei de Avogadro".

Volume molar

Esta lei está relacionada ao volume molar "Vm" (n ou quantidade de matéria em fração com o volume) que varia entre temperatura e pressão, neste caso o volume molar será 22,4 litros por mol.

Considerando que o volume molar (Vm) para qualquer gás seja de 22,4 L/mol, temos que a relação entre o volume e número de mol é constante:

A equação expressa que 22,4 litros de qualquer gás possuem 6,022 x 1023 moléculas (condições de 1 atm e 0°C), ou seja, condições PTN (pressão e temperatura normal).[2]

Consequências

A hipótese de Avogadro de que volumes iguais de gases diferentes, nas mesmas condições de pressão e temperatura, contêm o mesmo número de partículas levaram à determinação da constante de Avogadro (6,022 x 1023)

Por exemplo, se enchermos um balão com gás hélio (He), teremos o volume de 22,4 litros e 6,022 x 1023 moléculas de gás. Entretanto, se enchermos o mesmo balão até que ele ocupe o mesmo volume com outro gás, o hidrogênio (H2), por exemplo, teríamos a mesma quantidade de moléculas.

A mais significante consequência da lei de Avogadro é que a constante dos gases tem o mesmo valor para todos os gases.[3] Isso significa que:

Nessa expressão p é a pressão do gás no recipiente e T é a temperatura em kelvin do gás.

Lei de Boyle-Mariotte

Para uma dada temperatura, o produto da pressão exercida por uma quantidade de gás e o volume por ele ocupado é constante:

Aqui e representam a pressão e volume originais, respectivamente, e e representam a segunda pressão e volume.

Lei de Charles

  ou  

A uma pressão dada, o volume ocupado por uma certa quantidade de um gás é diretamente proporcional a sua temperatura.

Lei dos gases ideais

A lei de Boyle, Lei de Charles, e Lei de Gay-Lussac formam, juntamente com a lei de Avogadro-Ampère, a lei dos gases ideais.

Ver também

Referências

  1. Alaor Chaves, Física, vol.4: Sistemas Complexos e Outras Fronteiras
  2. David Halliday, Robert Resnick e Jearl Walker. Fundamentos de Física, vol.2: Mecânica, 8ª edição (2008)
  3. Newton, Helou, Gualter, Tópicos de Física, vol.2: Termodinâmica, Ondulatória e Óptica


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