Kashag

Os quatro Kalöns de Kashag em 1938-39

Os Kashag (em tibetano: བཀའ་ཤག ་; Wylie: bkaʼ-shag; pinyin tibetano: Gaxag; no dialeto de Lassa: AFI/ˈkáɕaʔ/; chinês: 噶廈pinyin: gáxià), foi o conselho administrativo do Tibete durante o domínio da dinastia Qing e do período pós-Qing até 1950. Foi criado em,[1] e definido pelo Imperador Qianlong em 1751 para o Ganden Phodrang na Portaria de 13 Artigos para um Governo Mais Eficiente do Tibete《酌定西藏善后章程十三条》.

Naquele ano, o governo tibetano foi reorganizado após os tumultos em Lassa do ano anterior. A administração civil foi representada pelo Conselho (Kashag) depois que o cargo de Desi (ou Regente; ver: Sistema de governo dual tibetano) foi abolido pela corte imperial Qing. A corte imperial Qing queria que o 7º Dalai Lama detivesse o governo religioso e administrativo, ao mesmo tempo que fortalecia a posição dos Altos Comissários.[2][3][4][5]

Norbu Dhondup em Lassa, Tibete em 1937 com o passaporte do governo tibetano (Kashag) ou Lamyig para a expedição britânica ao Monte Everest de 1938

Conforme especificado pela Portaria de 13 Artigos para um Governo Mais Eficiente do Tibete, Kashag era composto por três oficiais temporais e um oficial monge. Cada um deles tinha o título de Kalön (em tibetano: བཀའ་བློན་; Wylie: bkaʼ-blon; no dialeto de Lassa: AFI/kálø ̃/; chinês: 噶倫, pinyin: gálún).[6] A função do Conselho era decidir os assuntos do governo coletivamente e apresentar as opiniões ao gabinete do primeiro ministro. O primeiro ministro apresentou então essas opiniões ao Dalai Lama e, durante a Dinastia Qing, ao Amban, para uma decisão final. O privilégio de apresentar recomendações para a nomeação de funcionários executivos, governadores e comissários distritais deu ao Conselho muito poder.

Em 28 de março de 1959, Zhou Enlai, o primeiro-ministro da República Popular da China (RPC), anunciou formalmente a dissolução do Kashag.[7]

Referências

  1. Dawa Norbu, China's Tibet Policy
  2. Jiawei Wang; Gyaincain Nyima; Jiawei Wang (1997). The Historical Status of China's Tibet. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 58–. ISBN 978-7-80113-304-5 
  3. Seventh Dalai Lama Kelsang Gyatso Arquivado em 2010-07-01 no Wayback Machine
  4. The Dalai Lamas of Tibet, p. 101. Thubten Samphel and Tendar. Roli & Janssen, New Delhi. (2004). ISBN 81-7436-085-9.
  5. Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa, Tibet, a Political History (New Haven: Yale, 1967), 150.
  6. Tashi, Nyima, author. Research on Tibetan spelling formal language and automata with application. [S.l.: s.n.] OCLC 1041707029 
  7. Jian, Chen (julho de 2006). «The Tibetan Rebellion of 1959 and China's Changing Relations with India and the Soviet Union». Journal of Cold War Studies (3): 54–101. ISSN 1520-3972. doi:10.1162/jcws.2006.8.3.54. Consultado em 17 de setembro de 2020 

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