Jean Gerson

Jean Charlier de Gerson

Nascimento 13 de dezembro de 1363
Gerson-lès-Barby, perto de Rethel, Champanha,  França
Morte 12 de julho de 1429 (65 anos)
Lyon,  França
Nacionalidade  França
Alma mater Universidade de Paris
Ocupação Teólogo, místico, erudito, educador e poeta francês

Jean Charlier de Gerson (Johannes Gerson; * 13 de dezembro de 1363Rethel, perto de Ardennes, 12 de julho de 1429), chamado de Doctor christianissimus, foi teólogo, erudito, educador, filósofo, pregador, reformador e poeta francês, além de chanceler da Universidade de Paris. Exerceu papel relevante no processo que culminou com a condenação à morte de Jan Hus (1371-1415) e de Jerônimo de Praga (1365-1416). Escreveu o tratado "Sobre o poder eclesiástico" (1417), defendendo a tese de que o concílio incontestavelmente detém o poder supremo na Igreja[1].

Biografia

Jean Gerson (1363-1429)

Estudou no Colégio de Navarra, em Paris, e se doutorou em teologia em 1393. Em 1395, sucedeu a Pierre d'Ailly (1351-1420) no cargo de chanceler da Universidade de Paris, sendo nomeado posteriormente Bispo de Puy, arcebispo de Cambrai e cardeal. Após o assassinato do Duque de Orléans, em 1408, acusou o Duque de Borgonha, como autor do assassinato e condenou Jean Petit (1360-1411)[2], que o defendia.

Sua firmeza também se evidenciou em relação à Igreja: quando foi intransigente contra as doutrinas consideradas heréticas, tal qual no Concílio de Pisa e no Concílio de Constança, no qual contribuiu com a morte de Jan Hus e de Jerônimo de Praga, sustentando com força os direitos à autonomia da igreja galicana, e combatendo todo relaxamento dos costumes eclesiásticos, reivindicando a superioridade do poder do concílio dos bispos em relação ao do papa e se empenhou em por um fim ao Cisma do Ocidente.

Após o Concílio de Constança não conseguiu voltar à França devido às desordens que se produziram, e se retirou para a Baviera. Durante este exílio, compôs as Consolações da Teologia[3], sua obra em quatro volumes. Dois anos depois, voltou à França, porém, não tomou parte em nenhum assunto político e se retirou para o convento lionês dos Celestinos, escrevendo e ensinando.

Teologia

Como teólogo, tentou elaborar uma teologia mística que se opunha à teologia escolástica. Personagem de transição entre a Idade Média e o Renascimento, buscou um acordo entre formalista e deterministas, condenou Duns Scot e a Juan de Ripa, os quais multiplicaram as essências e introduziram nos conceitos de Deus, formas metafísicas e razões ideais, de tal maneira que o Deus resultante se tornou uma construção intelectual arbitrária. Condenou também a identificação platônica de Deus com o Bem ou com uma natureza neoplatonicamente necessária, reivindicando a primazia da vontade e da liberdade divina, essencial, em seus conceitos, ao cristianismo, já que a primazia da vontade divina anula qualquer certeza demonstrativa no relacionamento com Ele.

Obras

Opera omnia, 1706
  • Cinquante-Cinq Sermons et Discours (1389 - 1413)
  • Consolatio theologiae (1414-1419)
  • Contra vanam curiositatem in negotio fidei (1402)
  • De auferibilitate papae ab ecclesia (1409, 1417)
  • De consolatione theologiae (1418)
  • De distinctione verarum visionum a falsis (1401-2)
  • De duplici logica (Les deux logiques, 1401) ;
  • De examinatione doctrinarum (1423).
  • De modo pacificandi, reformandi ac uniendi Ecclesiam
  • De modo se habendi tempore schismatis (ca. 1401)
  • De mystica theologia tractatus primus speculativus. Sur la théologie mystique (rédigé en 1408 à partir de cours datant 1402-1403, publié en 1422/23) ; trad. Marc Vial, Vrin, 2005, 235 p.
  • De probatione spirituum (1415)
  • De restitutione obedientiae (1400)
  • De universitate ecclesiae (1409)
  • Ionnis Gersonii, Opera omnia, editor L. E. Dupin, Antwerpen, 5 vol., 1706
    • Opera dogmatica de religione et fide.
    • Quae ad ecclesiasticam et disciplinam pertinent.
    • Opera moralia.
    • Exegetica et miscellane.
    • Monumenta omnia quae spectant ad condemnationem.
  • La Montagne de contemplation (1397)
  • Neuf Discours ou Sermons de doctrine (1404-1413)
  • Œuvres complètes, Paris-Tournai, 1961-1965
  • Seize Sermons prêchés devant la cour (1389-1397)
  • Teologia mistica, Roma, 1992
  • Trente Sermons prêchés en paroisse (1401-1404)
  • Vivax Rex, Veniat Pax (avant 1413)
  • Tratados sobre:
    • la médecine de l'âme (a medicina da alma)
    • la Mendicité spirituelle (a pobreza espiritual)
    • l'A.B.C. des gens simples (o ABC das pessoas simples)
    • l'Art de bien vivre et de bien mourir (a arte de viver e morrer bem)
    • le Dialogue spirituel (o diálogo espiritual)
    • le Triparti (o tripartite)
    • l'Examen de conscience et la confession (o exame de consciência e a confissão)
    • parlement secret de l'homme contemplatif à son âme (parlamento secreto do homem contemplativo para sua alma)
    • Vision (Visão, obra póstuma, 1492).

Ver também

Referências

  1. Skinner, Quentin (1996). As fundações do pensamento político moderno. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. p. 322. ISBN 978-85-7194-532-5 Verifique |isbn= (ajuda) 
  2. (em francês) Jean Petit (1360-1411)
  3. (em latim) Consolatio theologiae

Bibliografia

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