Insurgência em Jamu e Caxemira

 Nota: Este artigo é sobre a insurgência em Jamu e Caxemira. Para a disputa pela região da Caxemira, veja Conflito na Caxemira.
Insurgência em Jamu e Caxemira
Conflito na Caxemira

Caxemira : Mostrado em verde é a região da Caxemira sob controle paquistanês. A região de marrom-escuro representa o Estado de Jamu e Caxemira controlado pela Índia, enquanto o Aksai Chin sob controle chinês.
Data 1989-presente
Local Jamu e Caxemira
Desfecho Conflito em curso, em grande parte subsidiado
Beligerantes
India Frente de Libertação de Jamu e Caxemira

Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
Lashkar-e-Taiba
Jaish-e-Mohammed
Hizbul Mujahideen
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen

Al-Badr
Comandantes
Deepak Kapoor

Lt Gen P C Bhardwaj

Pradeep Vasant Naik
Amanullah Khan

Hafiz Muhammad Saeed
Maulana Masood Azhar
Sayeed Salahudeen
Fazlur Rehman Khalil
Farooq Kashmiri
Arfeen Bhai(until 1998)

Bakht Zameen

A Insurgência em Jamu e Caxemira é um conflito entre os insurgentes caxemires contra a administração indiana em Jamu e Caxemira.[1][2]

Jammu e Caxemira, por muito tempo um terreno fértil de ambições separatistas,[3] tem sido assolada pela insurgência desde 1989. [4][2] Embora o fracasso do governo indiano e da democracia esteja na raiz do descontentamento inicial, o Paquistão desempenhou um papel importante na conversão deste último em uma insurgência totalmente desenvolvida.[1][5] Alguns grupos insurgentes na Caxemira apoiam a independência completa, enquanto outros buscam adesão ao Paquistão. [6][5]

Mais explicitamente, as raízes da insurgência estão ligadas a uma disputa pela autonomia local.[7] O desenvolvimento democrático foi limitado na Caxemira até o final da década de 1970 e em 1988 muitas das reformas democráticas fornecidas pelo governo indiano foram revertidas e os canais não violentos para expressar o descontentamento foram limitados e causaram um aumento drástico no apoio aos insurgentes que defendiam a secessão violenta da Índia.[7] Em 1987, uma disputada eleição estadual[8] criou um catalisador para a insurgência quando resultou na formação de grupos insurgentes armados por alguns dos membros da assembleia legislativa do estado.[9][10][11] Em julho de 1988, uma série de manifestações, greves e ataques ao governo indiano deram início à insurgência caxemire, que durante a década de 1990 se transformou na questão de segurança interna mais importante da Índia.

O Paquistão afirma estar dando seu apoio "moral e diplomático" ao movimento separatista.[12] O Inter-Services Intelligence paquistanês foi acusado pela Índia e pela comunidade internacional de apoiar, fornecer armas e treinar os mujahideen[13][14] para combater em Jammu e Caxemira.[15][14][16] Em 2015, o ex-presidente do Paquistão Pervez Musharraf admitiu que o Paquistão havia apoiado e treinado grupos insurgentes na década de 1990.[17] A Índia pediu repetidamente ao Paquistão que acabe com seu "terrorismo transfronteiriço" na Caxemira.[12] Vários novos grupos militantes com visões islamistas radicais surgiram e mudaram a ênfase ideológica do movimento. Isso aconteceu em parte devido a um grande número de combatentes islamistas "Jihadi" (mujahideen) que entraram no vale da Caxemira após o fim da Guerra Soviético-Afegã na década de 1980.[12]

O conflito entre os militantes e as forças indianas causou grande número de vítimas.[18] Muitos civis também morreram como resultado de serem alvos de vários grupos armados.[19] De acordo com dados oficiais divulgados na assembleia de Jammu e Caxemira, houve 3.400 casos de desaparecimento e o conflito deixou mais de 47.000 mortos, incluindo 7.000 policiais em julho de 2009. [20] Alguns grupos de direitos reivindicam um número maior de 100.000 mortes desde 1989.[21] Desde a revogação do status especial de Jammu e Caxemira em agosto de 2019, os militares indianos intensificaram suas operações de contra-insurgência. Os confrontos no primeiro semestre de 2020 deixaram 229 mortos, incluindo 32 civis. As 283 pessoas mortas em todo o ano de 2019 foi o maior número de mortos em uma década. [22]

Grupos Internacionais de Direitos Humanos acusam o exército indiano de cometer graves violações dos direitos humanos no Estado de Jamu e Caxemira [23]

Referências

  1. a b Kazi, Seema (2017), «Law, Gender and Governance in Kashmir», in: Chitralekha Zutshi, Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation, ISBN 978-1-108-22612-7, Cambridge University Press, pp. 150–171, 153 
  2. a b Slater, Joanna (28 de março de 2019), «From scholars into militants: Educated Kashmiri youths are joining an anti-India insurgency», The Washington Post 
  3. The Editorial Board (6 de agosto de 2019), «India Tempts Fate in Kashmir, 'The Most Dangerous Place in the World'», New York Times  "The Himalayan territory of Kashmir has long been the central source of friction between India and Pakistan and a hotbed of separatist aspirations."
  4. Ratcliffe, Rebecca (4 de agosto de 2019), «Heightened security and anxiety in Kashmir amid fears of unrest», Guardian  "Kashmir is claimed by India and Pakistan in full and ruled in part by both. An insurgency on the Indian-administered side has been ongoing for three decades, and tens of thousands of people have been killed."
  5. a b Kapur, S. Paul (2017), Jihad as Grand Strategy: Islamist Militancy, National Security, and the Pakistani State, ISBN 978-0-19-976852-3, Oxford University Press, pp. 84– 
  6. Conflict Encyclopedia – India: Kashmir Arquivado em 2017-10-01 no Wayback Machine, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, 29 de Maio de 1977
  7. a b Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia, Conflict Summary, Conflict name: India: Kashmir, "Roots of Conflict and the emergence of Kashmir Insurgents" Arquivado em 2013-02-03 no Wayback Machine
  8. «Elections in Kashmir». Kashmirlibrary.org. Cópia arquivada em 1 de fevereiro de 2017 
  9. «Kashmir insurgency». BBC News. Cópia arquivada em 22 de fevereiro de 2017 
  10. Jeelani, Mushtaq A. (25 de Junho de 2001). «Kashmir: A History Littered With Rigged Elections». Media Monitors Network. Cópia arquivada em 4 de março de 2016 
  11. Hussain, Altaf (14 de setembro de 2002). «Kashmir's flawed elections». BBC News. Cópia arquivada em 26 de fevereiro de 2017 
  12. a b c «India Pakistan – Timeline». BBC News. BBC News. Cópia arquivada em 22 de fevereiro de 2017 
  13. Ali, Mahmud (9 de outubro de 2006). «Pakistan's shadowy secret service». BBC News. Cópia arquivada em 21 de fevereiro de 2017 
  14. a b Rashid, Ahmed (6 de outubro de 2006). «Nato's top brass accuse Pakistan over Taliban aid». The Daily Telegraph. Cópia arquivada em 22 de fevereiro de 2017 
  15. Gall, Carlotta (21 de janeiro de 2007). «At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge». The New York Times. Cópia arquivada em 31 de dezembro de 2016 
  16. Jehl, Douglas; Dugger, Celia W.; Barringer, Felicity (25 de fevereiro de 2002). «Death of Reporter Puts Focus on Pakistan Intelligence Unit». The New York Times 
  17. «Pakistan supported, trained terror groups: Pervez Musharraf». Business Standard. Press Trust of India. 28 de outubro de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 5 de Junho de 2017 
  18. Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia, Conflict Summary, India: Kashmir (entire conflict), Fatality estimates.Arquivado em 2013-02-03 no Wayback Machine
  19. Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia, India One-sided violence, Government of India – civilians, Kashmir insurgents – civilians, Lashkar-e-Taiba – civilians, Arquivado em 2013-02-03 no Wayback Machine
  20. Editorial, Reuters. «India revises Kashmir death toll to 47,000». Reuters India (em inglês). Cópia arquivada em 8 de Maio de 2017 
  21. «40,000 people killed in Kashmir: India». The Express Tribune. Cópia arquivada em 27 de fevereiro de 2017 
  22. «Kashmir: A year of lockdown and lost autonomy». DW. 4 de agosto de 2018 
  23. «India's Secret Army in Kashmir: New Patterns of Abuse Emerge in the Conflict». Human Rights Watch. 1 de maio de 1996. Consultado em 2 de janeiro de 2006 

Read other articles:

Sint-Vincentius a Paulokerk De Sint-Vincentius a Paulokerk is de parochiekerk van de tot de Antwerpse gemeente Bornem behorende plaats Branst, gelegen aan Luipegem 189. Geschiedenis In 1880 werd in Branst een kapel gebouwd die als voorlopige kerk gebruikt werd en tevens als schoollokaal dienst deed. In 1894-1895 werd Branst erkend als hulpparochie van Bornem. Van 1898-1900 bouwde men een definitieve kerk, naar ontwerp van Léonard Blomme. Gebouw Het betreft een georiënteerde bakstenen basili...

 

American architect and painter George Washington Smith George Washington Smith (February 22, 1876 – March 16, 1930) was an American architect and painter. He is known particularly for his work around Santa Barbara, California, and for popularizing the Spanish Colonial Revival style in early 20th Century America. His notable works include Casa del Herrero, the Lobero Theater, the Santa Barbara News-Press building, and buildings at the Santa Barbara Cemetery. He also designed several private ...

 

37°19′55″N 122°01′52″W / 37.33182°N 122.03118°W / 37.33182; -122.03118 Corporate university of Apple Inc. in California, United States Apple UniversityApple Campus (1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California)TypeCorporate universityEstablished2008 (2008)ChairmanRichard M. Locke, DeanLocationCupertino, California, United StatesCampusSuburbanAffiliationsApple Inc. Apple University is a training facility of Apple Inc., located in Cupertino, California. This c...

 

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع الطويلة (توضيح).   هذه المقالة عن جزيرة الطويلة السعودية. لجزيرة طويلة اليمنية، طالع جزيرة طويلة. الطويلة معلومات جغرافية الموقع البحر الأحمر، منطقة مكة المكرمة، السعودية الإحداثيات 19°27′27″N 40°49′04″E / 19.45750°N 40.81778°E / 19.45750; 40.81778 الم�...

 

마파도MapadoSutradara Chu Chang-Min Produser Lee Seo-Yull Ditulis oleh Jo Joong-Hoon PemeranLee Mun-ShikLee Jeong-JinDistributorCJ EntertainmentTanggal rilis 10 Maret 2005 (2005-03-10) Durasi105 menitNegara Korea SelatanBahasa Korea SekuelMapado 2: Back to the Island Mapado (마파도; Map‘ado) adalah sebuah film drama-komedi Korea Selatan tahun 2005 yang sebagian besar berlokasi di desa Dongbaek, Yeonggwang. Film yang disutradarai oleh Chu Chang-Min ini pemainnya antara lain adalah...

 

2015 American mystery drama film Not to be confused with True Stories (film) or True Story (miniseries). True StoryTheatrical release posterDirected byRupert GooldWritten by Rupert Goold David Kajganich Based onTrue Storyby Michael FinkelProduced by Dede Gardner Jeremy Kleiner Anthony Katagas Starring Jonah Hill James Franco Felicity Jones CinematographyMasanobu TakayanagiEdited byChristopher TellefsenNicolas De TothMusic byMarco BeltramiProductioncompanies Regency Enterprises Plan B Entertai...

 

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens RXRGAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes2GL8IdentifiersAliasesRXRG, NR2B3, RXRC, Retinoid X receptor gamma, RXR-gamma, RXRgammaExternal IDsOMIM: 180247 MGI: 98216 HomoloGene: 21373 GeneCards: RXRG Gene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 1 (human)[1]Band1q23.3Start165,400,922 bp[1]End165,445,355 bp[1]Gene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 1 (mouse)[2]Band1 H2.3|1 74.99 cMStart167,425...

 

Egyptian footballer Ahmed Magdy Personal informationFull name Ahmed Magdy Elhusseiny MahmoudDate of birth 23 April 1989 (1989-04-23) (age 34)Place of birth Giza, EgyptHeight 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s) Defender / Defensive midfielderYouth career2006–2011 Wadi Degla SC2011–2012 EtisalatSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2012-2014 Wadi Degla SC 20 (8)2013 → KFC Turnhout (loan) 5 (3)2014-2017 Petrojet SC 150 (10)2016–2017 → Al-Shorta SC (loan) 19 (4)2017 - 20...

 

Island in Fiji Matagi (pronounced [maˈtaŋi]), sometimes written Matangi, is an island the Vanua Levu Group in northern Fiji, situated 16°44 South 179° West. It is one of three tiny volcanic islands grouped to the east of Thurston Point on the island of Taveuni, the others being Qamea and Laucala. The horseshoe-shaped islet of 97 hectares (240 acres) lies 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) east of Thurston Point. Inaccessible until recently, this privately owned island has been turned int...

 

Not to be confused with KOVR. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: KOBR – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Television station in New Mexico, United StatesKOBRSatellite of KOB, Albuquerque, New MexicoRoswell/Carlsbad, N...

 

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on ...

 

Luxury fashion house Jil Sander S.p.A.TypeSubsidiaryIndustryFashionFounded1968; 55 years ago (1968) in Hamburg, GermanyFounderJil SanderHeadquartersForo Buonaparte, 71, Milano, ItalyNumber of locations42 (2022)Area servedWorldwideKey peopleUbaldo Minelli (CEO)Lucie Meier & Luke Meier (Creative Directors)ProductsClothingfashion accessoriesfootwearjewelryRevenue¥11.3 billion[1] (2019)ParentOTB GroupWebsitewww.jilsander.com Jil Sander, S.p.A. is a lu...

 

Jelena holding a candle (upper right) at the deathbed of her brother-in-law Stephen, as depicted on Chest of Saint Simeon, dated 1380. She is surrounded by her niece Elizabeth and son(s). Jelena Šubić (died c. 1378) was a member of the Bribir branch of the Croatian Šubić noble family who ruled the Banate of Bosnia as regent from 1354 until 1357. Jelena was the daughter of the Croatian lord George II Šubić of Bribir, Count of Klis. She married Vladislav, brother of Ban Stephen II of Bosn...

 

This article is about the Berlin, Wisconsin in Green Lake and Waushara counties. For other uses, see Berlin, Marathon County, Wisconsin, New Berlin, Wisconsin or Berlin, Wisconsin (disambiguation). City in Wisconsin, United StatesBerlin, WisconsinCityDowntown BerlinNickname(s): fur and leather cityLocation of Berlin in Waushara County (northern portion) and Green Lake County (southern portion), Wisconsin.Coordinates: 43°58′11″N 88°56′55″W / 43.96972°N 88.94861�...

 

Journalist and politician (1832–1899) Nelson DingleyMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Maine's 2nd districtIn officeSeptember 12, 1881 – January 13, 1899Preceded byWilliam P. FryeSucceeded byCharles E. Littlefield34th Governor of MaineIn officeJanuary 7, 1874 – January 5, 1876Preceded bySidney PerhamSucceeded bySeldon Connor Personal detailsBorn(1832-02-15)February 15, 1832Durham, MaineDiedJanuary 13, 1899(1899-01-13) (aged 66)Washington, ...

 

L'Indomptable (S 613) L'Inflexible (S 615) en el año 2002, gemelo del L'Indomptable (S 613).HistorialClase Clase Le RedoutableTipo submarino de misiles balísticosOperador Marina Nacional de FranciaAsignado 23 de diciembre de 1976Baja abril de 2005Destino Desguazado en 2021[editar datos en Wikidata] El L'Indomptable (S 613) de la Marina francesa fue un submarino nuclear de la clase Le Redoutable en servicio de 1976 a 2003. Historial operativo Su construcción se inició en 1971...

 

Map of the results of the 2011 Walsall council election. Labour in red, Conservatives in blue and Liberal Democrats in yellow. The 2011 Walsall Metropolitan Borough Council election took place on 5 May 2011 to elect members of Walsall Metropolitan Borough Council in the West Midlands, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party lost overall control of the council to no overall control.[1] After the election, the composition of the council was: Cons...

 

American basketball player Kahlil WhitneyWhitney in January 2020No. 6 – Windy City BullsPositionSmall forwardLeagueNBA G LeaguePersonal informationBorn (2001-01-08) January 8, 2001 (age 22)Chicago, IllinoisNationalityAmericanListed height6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)Listed weight210 lb (95 kg)Career informationHigh school Eric Solorio Academy(Chicago, Illinois) Roselle Catholic(Roselle, New Jersey) CollegeKentucky (2019–2020)NBA draft2020: undraftedPlaying caree...

 

Continental athletics event African Championships in AthleticsSportAthleticsFounded1979No. of teams54ContinentAfrica (CAA)Most recentchampion(s)Last winners lists The African Championships in Athletics is a continental athletics event organized by the Confederation of African Athletics (CAA), the continental association for the sport in Africa. Since its inaugural edition in 1979 it was at first organised intermittently with nine editions held in fourteen years until 1993. Following the tenth...

 

Guidelines to prevent water quality degradation The Water Quality Control Policy for the Enclosed Bays and Estuaries of California is published by the California State Water Resources Control Board as guidelines to prevent water quality degradation. The policy is revised as needed.[1] Although only a portion of Humboldt Bay is visible in this aerial image, the small opening to the Pacific Ocean illustrates the limited mixing opportunities for dilution of wastes entering the bay in run...