Flórida Ocidental espanhola

A redução gradativa do controle espanhol na Flórida Ocidental.[1]

A Flórida Ocidental (em espanhol: Florida Occidental) foi uma província do Império Espanhol de 1783 até 1821, quando ela e a Flórida Oriental foram cedidos aos Estados Unidos.

A região da Flórida Ocidental espanhola inicialmente tinha as mesmas fronteiras que a antiga colônia britânica. Grande parte de seu território foi sendo anexada gradualmente pelos Estados Unidos durante a controvérsia da Flórida Ocidental, em que os Estados Unidos reivindicava esse território. Em sua maior extensão, a colônia incluiu o que são agora as Paróquias da Flórida da Luisiana, as partes mais ao sul do Mississippi e do Alabama, e a panhandle da Flórida. Considerando que o sudeste da Luisiana e atual litoral do Mississippi e do Alabama foram anexados antes ou durante a Guerra de 1812, a terra que compõe a atual Flórida não foi adquirida até vários anos depois. Transformou-se no Território da Flórida dos Estados Unidos em 1822.

História

A Espanha foi o primeiro estado europeu a colonizar a península da Flórida, expandindo-se para o norte de Cuba e estabelecendo assentamentos duradouros em St. Augustine, na costa atlântica, e em Pensacola e San Marcos (St. Marks), na costa do Golfo do México.[2]

Após as perdas da Espanha para a Grã-Bretanha durante a Guerra dos Sete Anos, a Espanha cedeu seu território da Flórida para a Grã-Bretanha em 1763. Os administradores britânicos dividiram o território em duas colônias: Flórida Oriental, incluindo a península da Flórida com a capital em St. Augustine, e Flórida Ocidental, à qual foi anexada parte do território recebido da França sob o tratado de paz de 1763. A Flórida Ocidental se estendeu do rio Apalachicola até o rio Mississippi, com sua capital em Pensacola.[3]

Em 1779, a Espanha entrou na Guerra da Independência dos Estados Unidos do lado da França, mas não das Treze Colônias.[4] Bernardo de Gálvez, governador da Luisiana espanhola, liderou uma campanha militar ao longo da costa do Golfo, capturando Baton Rouge e Natchez dos britânicos em 1779, Mobile em 1780 e Pensacola em 1781.

No tratado de paz de 1783, a Grã Bretanha retornou ambas as colônias da Flórida ao controle espanhol. Em vez de administrar a Flórida como uma única província, como antes de 1763, a Nova Espanha preservou o arranjo britânico de dividir o território entre Flórida Oriental e Ocidental (Florida Oriental e Florida Occidental).[5] Quando a Espanha adquiriu a Flórida Ocidental em 1783, o limite britânico a leste era o rio Apalachicola, mas a Espanha em 1785 mudou-o para o leste e o limite passou a ser o rio Suwannee. A finalidade era transferir San Marcos e o distrito de Apalachee da Flórida Oriental a Flórida Ocidental.[6][7]

Ver também

Referências

  1. Chambers, Henry E. (Maio de 1898). West Florida and its relation to the historical cartography of the United States (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins Press 
  2. Hernández, Roger E. (1 de setembro de 2008). New Spain: 1600-1760s. [S.l.]: Marshall Cavendish. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7614-2936-4 
  3. Pitot, James (1761–1831) (1979). Observations on the Colony of Louisiana, from 1796 to 1802. Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.: Louisiana State University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-8071-0579-5 
  4. Tucker, Spencer; Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta (30 de setembro de 2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History. [S.l.]: ABC-CLIO. p. 751. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8 
  5. James G. Cusick (1 de abril de 2007). The Other War of 1812: The Patriot War and the American Invasion of Spanish East Florida. [S.l.]: University of Georgia Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-8203-2921-5 
  6. «The Evolution of a State, Map of Florida Counties - 1820». 10th Circuit Court of Florida. Consultado em 30 de abril de 2017. Arquivado do original em 3 de fevereiro de 2016 
  7. Klein, Hank. «History Mystery: Was Destin Once in Walton County?». The Destin Log. Consultado em 30 de abril de 2017 

Bibliografia

  • Arthur, Stanley Clisby (1935). The Story of the West Florida Rebellion. [S.l.]: St. Francisville Democrat. ISBN 1-885480-47-4. OCLC 1354769  Reprint, Pioneer Publishing, 164 pp.
  • Cox, Isaac Joslin (1918). The West Florida Controversy, 1798 - 1813: A Study in American Diplomacy. Baltimore, Md: The Johns Hopkins Press. OCLC 479174 
  • Gannon, Michael (1996). The New History of Florida. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1415-8.
  • McMichael, Andrew (2008). Atlantic Loyalties: Americans in Spanish West Florida, 1785–1810. [S.l.]: University of George Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-3004-4 
  • West Florida Collection, Center for Southeast Louisiana Studies, Linus A. Sims Memorial Library, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond. For a summary of the holdings see West Florida Archival Collection

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