Família de proteínas

Representação da família das ciclofilinas humanas

Uma família de proteínas é um grupo de proteínas relacionadas à evolução. Em muitos casos, uma família de proteínas possui uma família de genes correspondente, na qual cada gene codifica uma proteína correspondente com uma relação de 1: 1.[1] O termo família de proteínas não deve ser confundido com família, pois é usado em taxonomia.

As proteínas de uma família descendem de um ancestral comum e geralmente possuem estruturas tridimensionais semelhantes, funções e similaridade significativa de sequência. O mais importante deles é a similaridade de sequência (geralmente sequência de aminoácidos), pois é o indicador mais estrito da homologia e, portanto, o mais claro indicador de ancestralidade comum.[2]

É muito improvável que proteínas que não compartilhem um ancestral comum mostrem similaridade estatisticamente significativa da sequência, tornando o alinhamento de sequências uma ferramenta poderosa para identificar os membros das famílias de proteínas.[3]

Terminologia e uso

Como em muitos termos biológicos, o uso da família de proteínas é um tanto dependente do contexto; pode indicar grandes grupos de proteínas com o menor nível possível de similaridade de sequência detectável ou grupos muito estreitos de proteínas com sequência, função e estrutura tridimensional quase idênticas, ou qualquer tipo de grupo intermediário. Para distinguir entre essas situações, o termo superfamília protéica é freqüentemente usado para proteínas relacionadas à distância, cuja relação não é detectável por similaridade de sequência, mas apenas a partir de características estruturais compartilhadas.[4][5][6]

Acima, conservação em sequência de 250 membros das proteases do clã PA (superfamília). Abaixo, conservação em sequência de 70 membros da família de protease C04. As setas indicam resíduos da tríade catalítica. Alinhado com base na estrutura pela DALI

Domínios proteicos e motivos

O conceito de família de proteínas foi concebido em um momento em que poucas estruturas ou sequências de proteínas eram conhecidas; Naquela época, principalmente proteínas pequenas, de domínio único, como mioglobina, hemoglobina e citocromo c eram estruturalmente entendidas. Desde então, verificou-se que muitas proteínas compreendem múltiplas unidades ou domínios estruturais e funcionais independentes.

Referências

  1. «What are protein families?». EMBL-EBI Train online (em inglês). 18 de novembro de 2011. Consultado em 10 de outubro de 2019 
  2. Vogel, Christine; Chothia, Cyrus (26 de maio de 2006). «Protein Family Expansions and Biological Complexity». PLOS Computational Biology (em inglês). 2 (5): e48. ISSN 1553-7358. PMC 1464810Acessível livremente. PMID 16733546. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020048 
  3. Kunin, V.; Cases, I.; Enright, A. J.; De Lorenzo, V.; Ouzounis, C. A. (2003). «Myriads of protein families, and still counting». Genome Biology. 4 (2). 401 páginas. PMC 151299Acessível livremente. PMID 12620116. doi:10.1186/gb-2003-4-2-401 
  4. Dayhoff, M. O. (1974). «Computer analysis of protein sequences». Federation Proceedings. 33 (12): 2314–2316. PMID 4435228 
  5. Dayhoff, M. O.; McLaughlin, P. J.; Barker, W. C.; Hunt, L. T. (1975). «Evolution of sequences within protein superfamilies». Die Naturwissenschaften. 62 (4): 154–161. Bibcode:1975NW.....62..154D. doi:10.1007/BF00608697 
  6. Dayhoff, M. O. (1976). «The origin and evolution of protein superfamilies». Federation Proceedings. 35 (10): 2132–2138. PMID 181273 
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