Facial Action Coding System

Músculos da cabeça e pescoço.

Facial Action Coding System (FACS)[1] é um sistema para taxonomizar expressões faciais humanas, originalmente desenvolvido por Paul Ekman e Wallace Friesen em 1976 através dos estudos pioneiros do Dr. Carl-Herman Hjortsjö.[2] O FACS sofreu uma ligeira revisão em 2009, na qual se destaca o contributo do Dr. José Pereira Hager. É um padrão comum para categorizar sistematicamente a expressão física das emoções, e tem sido útil a psicólogos e a animadores.

Entretanto, o pioneiro F-M Facial Action Coding System 3. 0 (F-M FACS 3.0®)[3] foi criado em 2018 pelo Dr. Freitas-Magalhães[4], e apresenta 5 mil segmentos em 4K, com recurso a tecnologia 3D, 360 3D, e de reconhecimento automático e em tempo real (FaceReader 7.1). O F-M FACS 3.0 apresenta 8 pioneiras Action Units (AUs), 22 pioneiros Tongue Movements (TMs), e o Gross Behavior GB 49 (Crying), para além de uma nomenclatura funcional e estrutural [5]. O F-M Group International (F-MGI) possui, desde 2003, um programa de Certificação FACS para profissionais que desejam se tornar Codificadores Certificados FACS (F-M Group International FACS Certified Coders, F-MYITA a)

Usos

Usando FACS,[6] rotuladores humanos podem manualmente rotular quase qualquer expressão facial anatomicamente possível, desconstruindo-as em Action Units (AU - Unidades de Ação) específicas e seus segmentos temporais que causaram a expressão. Como AUs são independentes de qualquer interpretação, elas podem ser usadas em processos de decisões gerais incluindo reconhecimento de emoções básicas, ou comandos pré-programados em um ambiente inteligente. O manual FACs tem mais de 1000 páginas e fornece as AUs, bem como as interpretações do Dr. Ekman do seu significado.

FACS define 44 AUs,[7] que consistem na contração ou relaxação de um ou mais músculos. Também define Action Descriptors (Descritores de Ação), que diferem das AUs por não terem músculos causadores especificados e não ter comportamento distinto no mesmo grau de precisão que as AUs.

Por exemplo, FACS pode ser usado para distinguir entre dois tipos de sorrisos:[8]

  • Insincero e voluntário, sorriso Pan American: contração do zygomatic major apenas
  • Sincero e involuntário, sorriso Duchenne smile: contração do zygomatic major e parte inferior do orbicularis oculi.

Apesar de que a rotulação de expressões atualmente requer especialistas treinados, pesquisadores tiveram algum sucesso em usar computadores para reconhecer automaticamente códigos FACS, e portanto rapidamente identificar emoções.[9] Modelos de rostos usando computação gráfica como CANDIDE ou Artnatomy, permitem que expressões sejam artificialmente "configuradas" através da escolha das AUs desejadas.

O uso do FACs foi proposto na análise de depressão,[10] e medida da dor em pacientes incapazes de se expressar verbalmente.[11]

FACS foi projetado para ser possível de se aprender sozinho. As pessoas conseguem aprender a técnica de uma série de fontes,[12] incluindo manuais e workshops,[13] e obtém a certificação através de um teste.[14]

Códigos para unidades de ação

É importante notar que FACS é um índice de expressões faciais e fornece informações sobre o grau da ativação muscular utilizando as letras de A (leve) até a E (contração máxima) após o AU, como por exemplo: AU1C + 2B. Os principais músculos envolvidos em cada AU foram acrescentados aqui para o benefício do leitor.

Action Units (AUs with underlying facial muscles). Action Descriptors (ADs) do not have specific underlying muscle action

Críticas

Outros psicólogos especializados em emoções não encontraram evidências suficientes para apoiar a suposta taxonomia de emoções discretas e expressões faciais discretas de Paul Ekman.[15]

Veja também

Referências

  1. Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2011). O Código de Ekman: O Cérebro, a Face e a Emoção Porto: Edições Universidade Fernando Pessoa. ISBN 978-989-643-0679 .
  2. P. Ekman and W. Friesen. Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, 1978.
  3. Facial Action Coding System 3.0: Manual de Codificação Científica da Face Humana. Porto: FEELab Science Books. ISBN 978-989-8766-87-8.
  4. http://www.facs3.pt
  5. Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2018).Scientific measurement of the human face:F-M FACS 3.0 - pioneer and revolutionary. In A. Freitas-Magalhães (Ed.), Emotional expression: the Brain and the face (Vol. 10, pp. 21-94). Porto: FEELab Science Books. ISBN 978-989-8766-98-4
  6. Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2012). Microexpression and macroexpression. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Vol. 2, pp.173-183). Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 978-008-088-575-9x
  7. Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2016).Facial Action Coding System: Manual de Codificação Científica da Face Humana. Porto: FEELab Science Books. ISBN 978-989-8766-11-3.
  8. Del Giudice M, Colle L (2007). «Differences between children and adults in the recognition of enjoyment smiles». Developmental psychology. 43 (3): 796–803. PMID 17484588. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.796 
  9. Facial Action Coding System. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
  10. Reed LI, Sayette MA, Cohn JF (2007). «Impact of depression on response to comedy: A dynamic facial coding analysis». Journal of abnormal psychology. 116 (4): 804–9. PMID 18020726. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.4.804 
  11. Lints-Martindale AC, Hadjistavropoulos T, Barber B, Gibson SJ (2007). «A Psychophysical Investigation of the Facial Action Coding System as an Index of Pain Variability among Older Adults with and without Alzheimer's Disease». Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.). 8 (8): 678–89. PMID 18028046. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00358.x 
  12. http://www.google.com/search?q=facs+learning+facial+expressions&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t Google search for FACS Learning Facial Expressions
  13. http://www.erikarosenberg.com/FACS.html Arquivado em 6 de fevereiro de 2009, no Wayback Machine. Example and web site of one teaching professional: Erika L. Rosenberg, Ph.D
  14. «Cópia arquivada». Consultado em 27 de março de 2010. Arquivado do original em 23 de dezembro de 2008 
  15. The psychology of facial expression. James A. Russell, José Miguel Fernández Dols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997. OCLC 35305084 

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