Fórmula empírica

Fórmula empírica em química é a que representa um composto químico através dos símbolos atômicos dos elementos que o compõem com os menores subscritos possíveis.[1]

A fórmula empírica é a fórmula mais simples que se obtém ao dividir a porcentagem de cada elemento pela sua massa atômica[2] sendo o número relativo de átomos de cada elemento no composto químico, em algumas ocasiões a fórmula empírica e a fórmula molecular podem ser iguais como é o caso da água (H2O)[3] onde o hidrogênio e o oxigênio estão na razão de independente do tamanho da amostra e além disso pode ocorrer de algumas substâncias conterem as mesmas fórmulas empíricas mas fórmulas moleculares diferentes, por exemplo:

Tabela 1. Substâncias com formulas mínimas iguais
Substância Fórmula molecular Fórmula empírica
Ácido acético CH3COOH CH2O
Formaldeído (metanal) CH2O CH2O
Glicose C6H12O6 CH2O

As substâncias da tabela 1 possuem as fórmulas empíricas iguais e têm a proporção de entre os átomos de carbono, hidrogênio e oxigênio.

Para determinar a fórmula empírica de um composto é necessário converter a composição percentual em massa, para isso considera-se uma amostra de massa equivalente à 100g exatos, assim é possível determinar a massa de cada elemento em gramas.[4]

Por exemplo: O ácido acético é composto de 40% de carbono, 53,33% de oxigênio e 6,66% de hidrogênio, a massa de cada elemento a 100g exatos será igual à sua percentagem: , , ou seja, , e .

Para converter essas proporções em quantidade de matéria (mol), é preciso dividir a massa em gramas de cada elemento pela respectiva massa molar ().

Os valores encontrados indicam a proporção entre cada elementos, a relação entre eles devem ser expressas em número inteiros e em sua menor proporção, sendo assim cada quantidade em mol deve ser dividida pelo menor valor encontrado, por exemplo:

Os números estão na proporção

C:H:O =

Portanto a fórmula empírica é CH2O.[2]

A fórmula empírica também é chamada de fórmula mínima.[5]

Referências

  1. IUPAC, Compêndio de Terminologia Química, 2ª ed. ("Gold Book"). Compilado por A. D. McNaught e A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). Versão online: "Empirical formula"  (2006–) criado por M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; atualizações compiladas por A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8.
  2. a b Chemistry for Textile Students (1920), p.229
  3. Quimica (em espanhol). [S.l.]: Pearson Educación. 2005. ISBN 9789702606949 
  4. PETER, Atkins (2012). Princípios de Química: questionando a vida moderna. Porto Alegre: Bookman. pp. F45 – F50 
  5. Química. [S.l.]: Edicoes Loyola. ISBN 9788515012411 

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