Esfera sublunar

A esfera sublunar, conforme a física aristotélica e a astronomia grega, é a região do cosmos geocêntrico abaixo da Lua, consistindo dos quatro elementos clássicos: terra, água, ar e fogo.[1][2]

A esfera sublunar era o reino da natureza mutável. Começando com a Lua até os limites do universo, tudo (para a astronomia clássica) era permanente, regular e imutável — a região do éter onde os planetas e estrelas estão localizados. Somente na esfera sublunar os poderes da física prevaleciam.[3]

Evolução do conceito

Platão e Aristóteles ajudaram a formular a teoria original de uma esfera sublunar na Antiguidade[4] — a ideia geralmente ia de mãos dadas com o geocentrismo e o conceito de uma Terra esférica.

Avicena levou adiante para a Idade Média a ideia aristotélica de geração e corrupção sendo limitada à esfera sublunar.[5] Escolásticos medievais como Santo Tomás de Aquino — que traçou a divisão entre as esferas celestes e sublunares em sua obra Summa Theologica — também recorreram a Cícero e Lucano para uma consciência da grande fronteira entre a Natureza e o Céu, as esferas sublunares e etéricas.[6] O resultado para as mentalidades medievais/renascentistas foi uma consciência generalizada da existência, na Lua, do que C. S. Lewis chamou de "essa 'grande divisão'... do éter ao ar, do 'paraíso' à 'natureza', do reino de deuses (ou anjos) para o de demônios, do reino da necessidade para o da contingência, do incorruptível para o corruptível."[carece de fontes?]

No entanto, as teorias de Nicolau Copérnico começaram a desafiar a distinção sublunar–etérica. As observações de Tycho Brahe acerca de uma nova estrela e de cometas nos céus supostamente imutáveis minaram ainda mais a visão aristotélica.[7] Thomas Kuhn viu a nova capacidade dos cientistas de ver a mudança nos céus 'incorruptíveis' como um exemplo clássico das novas possibilidades abertas por uma mudança de paradigma.[8]

Ramificações literárias

Dante Alighieri imaginou o Monte Purgatório tão alto que chegava acima da esfera sublunar, de modo que “essas encostas estão livres de qualquer mudança natural”.[9]

Samuel Johnson elogiou as peças de Shakespeare como “exibindo o estado real da natureza sublunar, que compartilha do bem e do mal, alegria e tristeza, misturados”.[10]

Referências

  1. Aristotle, Ethics (1974) p. 357-8
  2. Stephen Toulmin, Night Sky at Rhodes (1963) p. 38 and p. 78
  3. C. C. Gillespie, The Edge of Objectivity (1960) p. 14
  4. Gillespie, p. 13-5
  5. J. J. E. Garcia, Individuation in Scholasticism (1994) p. 41
  6. W. Hooper, C. S. Lewis (1996) p. 529-31
  7. R. Curley, Scientists and Inventors of the Renaissance (2012) p. 6-8
  8. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1970) p. 116-7
  9. Dante, Purgatory (1971) p. 235
  10. Samuel Johnson, Selected Writings (Penguin) p. 266

Bibliografia

  • J. Barnes, Aristotle (1982)
  • MA Orr, Dante and the Medieval Astronomers (1956)
  • Thomas Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution (1957)

Ligações externas

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