Eficiência produtiva

Um exemplo de FPP: os pontos B, C e D são todos produtivamente eficientes, mas uma economia em A não seria, porque D envolve mais produção de ambos os bens. O ponto X não pode ser alcançado.

A Eficiência produtiva ocorre quando a economia está operando na sua fronteira de possibilidades de produção (FPP). Isso acontece quando a produção de um bem é obtida ao menor custo possível, dadas a produção do(s) outro(s) bem(ns). Na qual operando dentro das restrições da tecnologia industrial atual não pode aumentar a produção de um bem sem sacrificar a produção de outro bem.[1]

De forma equivalente, é quando a produção de um bem atinge seu nível máximo, dado o nível de produção do(s) outro(s) bem(ns). Sob o conceito ilustrado do exemplo de FPP, onde todos os pontos da curva são pontos de eficiência produtiva.[2]

No equilíbrio de longo-prazo para mercados perfeitamente competitivos, isso é onde o custo médio está no ponto mais baixo na curva de custo médio.

Devido à natureza das empresas monopolistas, elas irão optar por produzir em níveis que maximizem o lucro e portanto não serão eficientes na produção porque o custo médio mais baixo não coincide com o ponto onde o lucro é máximo para a empresa.

A eficiência produtiva ocorre em equilíbrio competitivo no mínimo do custo total médio de cada bem, como o mostrado aqui.

Medidas teóricas

As medidas de eficiência mais populares incluem a medida de Farrell[3] (também conhecida como medida de Debreu-Farrell, uma vez que Debreu (1951) tem ideias semelhantes[4]). Esta medida é também a recíproca da função distância de Shephard.[5] Estes podem ser definidos com a orientação de entrada (fixar saídas e medir a redução máxima possível nas entradas) ou a orientação de saída (fixar entradas e medir a expansão máxima possível nas saídas).

Os mais populares para estimar a eficiência da produção são a análise por envoltória de dados[6] e análise de fronteira estocástica.[7]

Referências

  1. Sickles, Robin C.; Zelenyuk, Valentin (28 de março de 2019). Measurement of Productivity and Efficiency: Theory and Practice 1 ed. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press 
  2. Standish, Barry (1997). Economics: Principles and Practice. South Africa: Pearson Education. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-1-86891-069-4 
  3. Farrell, M. J. (1957). The measurement of productive efficiency. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General), 120(3):253–290.
  4. Debreu, G. (1951). The coefficient of resource utilization. Econometrica, 19(3):273–292.
  5. Shephard, R. W. (1953). Cost and Production Functions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  6. Charnes, A., Cooper, W., and Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6):429–444.
  7. Aigner, D. J., Lovell, C. A. K. & Schmidt, P. (1977), 'Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production functions', Journal of Econometrics 6(1), 21–37.
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