Conquista de Túnis (1574)

Conquista de Túnis (1574)
Parte das Guerras Otomanos-Habsburgos

Ataque da frota otomana a La Goletta em 1574, com Túnis em segundo plano.
Data julho de 1574 (450 anos)
Local Túnis
Desfecho Os otomanos recuperam Túnis.
Beligerantes
Nações: Nações:
Comandantes
Líderes: Líderes:
Forças
Total de homens: 7 000
Total de homens: 100 000
Navios:
250 a 300
Baixas
6 700 mortos, 300 prisioneiros 25 000 mortos

A Conquista de Tunes (português europeu) ou Túnis (português brasileiro) em 1574 terminou a disputa entre o Império Otomano e o Império Espanhol. Foi um acontecimento de grande significado que decidiu o domínio otomano do Norte de África nos séculos seguintes. Nela participou Mulei Moluco pelo lado turco, e esta foi uma das razões que levou à intervenção de D. Sebastião em Marrocos.

Antecedentes

Tropas otomanas marchando sobre Tunis em 1569

Tunis tinha sido conquistada em 1534 ao Reino Haféssida por otomanos liderados por Barba Ruiva. No ano seguinte Carlos V empreendeu uma reconquista cristã, ficando o Reino Haféssida como estado vassalo de Espanha. O almirante turco Ali Paxá recapturou Tunis em 1569, mas em 1571 dada a vitória cristã na Batalha de Lepanto, João de Áustria reconquistaria Tunis em 1573.[1]

Conquista de Tunis

Em 1574, Guilherme I, Príncipe de Orange, e Carlos IX de França, procuram o apoio do Sultão Turco Selim II para abrir uma frente contra Filipe II de Espanha.[2] Selim II manifestou o seu apoio colocando Mouriscos de Espanha em contacto com piratas de Alger.[3] Selim mandou ainda uma grande frota a Tunis no Outono de 1574, conseguindo assim reduzir a pressão do espanhóis na Holanda.[3]

Na batalha, Selim II usou uma frota com perto de 300 galeões e 75 000 homens.[4] A esquadra otomana foi comandada por Sinane Paxá e Uluje Ali.[4] e combinava tropas enviadas pelos governadores de Algiers, Tripoli e Tunis, numa força combinada de aproximadamente 100 000 homens.[4] Este exército atacou Tunis em La Goleta, defendida por 7 000 men, acabando por cair em 24 de Agosto de 1574.[4]

João de Áustria tentou aliviar o cerco, enviando galeões de Nápoles e da Sicília mas falhou no intento, devido a tempestades.[5] A coroa espanhola estando mais focada na guerra holandesa, deixou cair Tunis.[5]

Participação de Mulei Moluco

Mulei Moluco sultão marroquino que defrontou D. Sebastião na Batalha de Alcácer Quibir participou nesta conquista, apoiando o lado otomano.[6]

Participação de Cervantes

Cervantes participou nestes acontecimentos como soldado, e estava nas tropas de João de Áustria que tentaram ajudar os sitiados.[7] Afirma que os otomanos lideraram 22 assaltos contra o forte de Tunis, perdendo 25 000 homens, e apenas 300 cristãos sobreviveram.[7]

Consequências

A batalha decidiu a futura presença turca em Tunis, pondo um fim ao Reino Haféssida e à presença espanhola em Tunis.[1]

A coroa espanhola entrou em falência em 1 de Setembro de 1575.[5] Este sucesso dos turcos permitiu ainda reduzir a pressão espanhola nos Países Baixos, levando depois a negociações na Conferência de Breda.[3] Os otomanos, depois da morte de Carlos IX em Maio de 1574, e de terem estabelecido um Consulado em Antuérpia (De Griekse Natie).

Depois da Batalha de Alcácer Quibir (4 de Agosto de 1578) os turcos estabeleceram paz com Espanha e focaram-se na Pérsia na guerra com os Safávidas (1578–1590), tendo Lala Mustafá Paxá iniciado a invasão da Geórgia, três dias depois, em 7 de Agosto de 1578.[3]

Ver também

Bibliografia

  • Geoffrey Parker, Lesley M. Smithː "The General crisis of the seventeenth century". Routledge, 1978 ISBN 0-7100-8865-5
  • María Antonia Garcésː "Cervantes in Algiers: A Captive's Tale" Vanderbilt University Press, 2005 ISBN 0-8265-1470-7

Referências

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