Condensação de Knoevenagel

A reação de condensação de Knoevenagel é uma modificação da condensação aldólica. Deve seu nome ao químico alemão Emil Knoevenagel.[1][2]

Uma condensação de Knoevenagel é uma adição nucleofílica de um carbânion a um grupo carbonila seguida de uma reação de desidratação na qual uma molécula de água é eliminada (daí o termo condensação). O produto é quase sempre uma enona alfa, beta conjugada.

Esquema geral da condensação de Knoevenagel
Esquema geral da condensação de Knoevenagel

Nesta reação o grupo carbonila é um aldeído ou cetona. O catalisador é geralmente uma amina fracamente básica. O composto de hidrogênio ativo (carbânion) tem uma das formas: [3]

na qual Z é um grupo desativante. Z deve ser forte o suficiente para abstrair o hidrogênio do íon enolato mesmo com uma base fraca. Usar uma base forte nesta reação induziria a autocondensação do aldeído ou cetona.

A síntese da piridina de Hantzsch, a reação de Gewald e a síntese de Feist-Benary do furano todas possuem um passo da reação de Knoevenagel. A reação também levou à descoberta do gás CS.

Modificação de Doebner

A modificação de Doebner da condensação de Knoevenagel. Acroleína e ácido malônico reagem na presença de piridina para formar ácido trans-2,4-pentadienóico e dióxido de carbono.


Com compostos malônicos o produto da reação pode perder uma molécula de dióxido de carbono em uma etapa subsequente. Na chamada modificação de Doebner [4] a base é a piridina. Por exemplo, o produto da reação de ácido malônico e acroleína em piridina é o ácido trans-2,4-pentadienóico com um grupo carboxila (-COOH) e não dois.[5]


Escopo

Uma condensação de Knoevenagel é demonstrada na reação de 2-metoxibenzaldeído 1 com o ácido barbitúrico 2 em etanol usando piperidina como uma base.[6] A enona resultante 3 é uma molécula transferidora de carga.

Uma condensação de Knoevenagel
Uma condensação de Knoevenagel

A condensação de Knoevenagel é uma etapa chave na produção comercial da droga antimalária lumefantrina (um componente do Coartem) [7]:

Etapa final da síntese da lumefantrina
Etapa final da síntese da lumefantrina

O produto inicial da reação é uma mistura 50:50 de isômeros E e Z, mas como ambos isômeros se equilibram rapidamente com o precursor hidroxilado em comum, o Z-isômero (mais estável)pode ser eventualmente obtido.

Uma reação multicomponente aplicando uma condensação de Knoevenagel é demonstrada nesta síntese de MORE com ciclohexanona, malononitrila e 3-amino-1,2,4-triazol [8]:

Aplicação tandem da condensação de Knoevenagel
Aplicação tandem da condensação de Knoevenagel

Ver também

Referências

  1. Jones, G. Org. React. 1967, 15.
  2. Emil Knoevenagel (1898). «Kondensation von Malonsäure mit Aromatiachen Aldehyden durch Ammoniak und Amine (Condensação do ácido malônico com aldeídos aromáticos)». Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 31 (3): 2596–2619. doi:10.1002/cber.18980310308 
  3. Predefinição:JerryMarch
  4. O. Doebner (1902). «Ueber die der Sorbinsäure homologen, ungesättigten Säuren mit zwei Doppelbindungen (Sobre os homólogos do ácido sórbico, ácidos insaturados contendo duas ligações duplas)». Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 35: 1136–1136. doi:10.1002/cber.190203501187 
  5. Peter J. Jessup, C. Bruce Petty, Jan Roos, and Larry E. Overman (1988). «1-N-Acylamino-1,3-dienes from 2,4-pentadienoic acids by the curtius rearrangement: benzyl trans-1,3-butadiene-1-carbamate». Org. Synth. ; Coll. Vol., 6 
  6. 1,3-Diethyl-5-(2-methoxybenzylidene)-2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione Abdullah Mohamed Asiria, Khaled Ahmed Alamrya Abraham F. Jalboutb, Suhong Zhang Molbank 2004, M359 [1] publication.
  7. An Improved Manufacturing Process for the Antimalaria Drug Coartem. Part II Ulrich Beutler, Peter C. Fuenfschilling, and Andreas Steinkemper Org. Process Res. Dev.; 2007; 11(3) pp 341 - 345; (Article) doi:10.1021/op060244p
  8. Mild and ecofriendly tandem synthesis of 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidines in aqueous medium Arkivoc 2007 (06-2251BP) Anshu Dandia, Pritima Sarawgi, Kapil Arya, and Sarita Khaturia Link

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