Colisão de deveres

Colisão de deveres é uma causa de exclusão da responsabilidade penal, majoritariamente entendida como uma causa de exclusão da ilicitude.

Conceito

Encontra-se amparado pela colisão de deveres (ou conflito, conforme a grafia de Portugal) o agente que precisa cumprir dois ou mais deveres de agir penalmente relevantes, embora tenha condições de satisfazer apenas um deles. O fundamento para a exclusão da responsabilidade penal encontra-se no princípio impossibilium nulla est obligatio, segundo o qual a lei não pode exigir o impossível.

O exemplo clássico de uma colisão de deveres é o caso do pai que vê seus dois filhos de afogando ao mesmo e dispõe de condições para salvar apenas um deles (conhecido na doutrina alemã como Vater-Sohn-Fall). Quando os deveres são equipotentes, o agente encontra-se livre para escolher qual dever cumprir. Por outro lado, em caso de um dever ser hierarquicamente superior em relação ao outro, deve o agente satisfazer o primeiro.[1]

Legislação

Portugal

O Código Penal português regulamenta a colisão de deveres desde 1982:

Artigo 36.º

Conflito de deveres    

1 - Não é ilícito o facto de quem, em caso de conflito no cumprimento de deveres jurídicos ou de ordens legítimas da autoridade, satisfizer dever ou ordem de valor igual ou superior ao do dever ou ordem que sacrificar.

2 - O dever de obediência hierárquica cessa quando conduzir à prática de um crime.

Brasil

Ao contrário da legislação portuguesa e seguindo o modelo alemão, a brasileira não prevê o tratamento jurídico-penal da colisão de deveres, de modo que ela é compreendida como uma causa supralegal de exclusão da ilicitude.

Uso

Trata-se de uma causa de exclusão da responsabilidade que gera pouco controvérsia junto aos tribunais, uma vez que raramente os últimos são provocados para discuti-la. Recentemente ela voltou ao centro das discussões para encontrar soluções para acidentes envolvendo veículos autônomos[2] e amparar a conduta de médicos que fazem triagem para a ocupação de leitos em cenários provocados pela COVID-19.[3]

Bibliografia

COCA VILA , Ivó. La colisión de deberes en derecho penal. Concepto y fundamentos de solución. Barcelona: Atelier, 2016.

KÜPER , Wilfried. Grund- und Grenzfragen der rechtfertigenden Pflichtenkollision im Strafrecht. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1979.

SOUSA , Alberto Rufino Rosa Rodrigues de. Estado de necessidade: um conceito novo e aplicações mais amplas. Rio de Janeiro: Forense, 1979.

Ver também

Referências

  1. Dias, Jorge de Figueiredo (2007). Direito penal. Parte Geral. Questões Fundamentais. A doutrina geral do crime. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora. pp. 466–469 
  2. Greco, Luís (2019). «Veículos autônomos e situações de colisão». Veículos autônomos e direito penal. São Paulo: Marcial Pons. pp. 191–201 
  3. Minorelli, Lucas; Caetano, Matheus. «Vida contra vida e colisão de deveres no contexto de COVID-19: o que os médicos precisam saber». Revista Direito Público: 278-308. Consultado em 28 de novembro de 2020 

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