Célula nervosa

Célula nervosa
Subclasse de célula

Célula nervosa ou célula neural é a unidade básica constitutiva do sistema nervoso.

Existem basicamente dois tipos celulares, os neurônios e as células Gliócitas ou Glias, com numerosas subdivisões em cada um desses tipos.

Os neurônios são células nervosas altamente especializadas na transmissão de informações e constituem apenas 10% das células do sistema nervoso. Extremamente sensíveis, são capazes de perceber as mínimas variações no ambiente, reagindo com uma alteração elétrica, que percorre sua membrana. Essa alteração elétrica é o impulso nervoso. Através de sinapses, os neurônios estabelecem conexões entre si, transmitindo, uns aos outros, os estímulos recebidos do ambiente e assim gerando uma reação em cadeia - à semelhança de linhas telegráficas -, através da qual as "mensagens" são transmitidas de uma parte do organismo para outra. Isso permite ao animal coordenar as suas ações. [1]

Entre os neurônios existem as células da glia, que constituem 90% do sistema e sustentam os neurônios. Possuem uma forma estrelada e numerosos prolongamentos ramificados que envolvem as diferentes estruturas do tecido nervoso. Descritas há mais de 150 anos, as células gliais eram consideradas, até recentemente, como meras células de suporte, passivas e à margem do funcionamento do sistema. No entanto, a partir da década de 1990, o avanço das neurociências resultou em uma importante mudança de paradigma com referência à função e ao papel dessas células na fisiologia e na patologia neurais. Descobriu-se, por exemplo, que células gliais são excitáveis e se comunicam química e eletricamente com outras células. Descobriu-se também que são células-tronco, podendo gerar diferentes tipos celulares. [2] Ademais, há evidências de que as células gliais estão intimamente envolvidas no controle da atividade neuronial e da retransmissão sináptica. [3]

Referências

  1. A unidade básica do Sistema Nervoso: o neurónio, por Maria Carlos Reis.
  2. Glia: dos velhos conceitos às novas funções de hoje e as que ainda virão. Por Flávia Carvalho Alcantara Gomes, Vanessa Pereira Tortelli e Luan Diniz. Estudos Avançados vol. 27, n° 77. São Paulo, 2013 ISSN 0103-4014
  3. Tripartite synapses: glia, the unacknowledged partner. Por Alfonso Araque, Vladimir Parpura, Rita P. Sanzgiri e Philip G. Haydon. Trends in Neuroscience vol. 22, n° 5, 1999, pp 208-215

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