Apêndice vermiforme

Apêndice vermiforme

Artérias de ceco e apêndice cecal.
Detalhes
Sistema Imunológico
Identificadores
Latim appendix vermiformis
Gray pág.1179
MeSH Appendix

O apêndice vermiforme (anteriormente denominado apêndice cecal, apêndice ileocecal ou apêndice vermicular[1]) é uma pequena extensão tubular terminada em fundo cego, localizado no ceco, a primeira porção do intestino grosso, e existe em muitos mamíferos. Após alguns centímetros (comumente cinco centímetros, variando de um a vinte centímetros) termina em fundo cego. Este órgão está anatomicamente localizado no quadrante ilíaco direito.

Vestigialidade

O apêndice cecal é um vestígio de um órgão redundante (estrutura vestigial) que nas espécies ancestrais tinha funções digestivas, da mesma forma que nas espécies existentes — onde a flora intestinal hidrolisa a celulose e materiais vegetais indigestos semelhantes. [2]

Em consonância com a possibilidade de estruturas vestigiais desenvolverem novas funções, algumas pesquisas sugerem que o apêndice pode se proteger contra a perda de bactérias simbióticas que auxiliam na digestão, embora seja improvável que seja uma função nova, dada a presença de apêndices vermiformes em muitos herbívoros.[3][4] As populações bacterianas intestinais entrincheiradas no apêndice podem apoiar o rápido restabelecimento da flora do intestino grosso após uma doença ou envenenamento.[5]

Função moderna

Apêndice com estruturas circundantes.

Os pesquisadores deduzem que o apêndice tem a capacidade de proteger boas bactérias no intestino. Dessa forma, quando o intestino é afetado por um surto de diarreia ou outra doença que limpa o intestino, as boas bactérias do apêndice podem repovoar o sistema digestivo e manter o indivíduo saudável[6]. Em 2007, um estudo publicado na revista Journal of Theoretical Biology[7] sugeriu que a função moderna do apêndice ainda está de facto relacionada com a população de bactérias que habita e ajuda o sistema digestivo.

Outras pesquisas sobre o apêndice vermiforme defendem que ele aumenta a extensão da superfície do muco intestinal para secreção e absorção”[8] e que faz parte do sistema imunológico, produzindo glóbulos brancos no período da infância[9], tendo um funcionamento semelhante ao timo. Embora possa desempenhar tais tarefas, essa estrutura pode infeccionar, causando a apendicite, o que leva à sua remoção cirúrgica.

Referências bibliográficas

  1. HOUAISS, A. Grande dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2001.
  2. Darwin, Charles. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. John Murray: London. 1871.
  3. News, Splash (5 de outubro de 2007). «Scientists may have found appendix's purpose». msnbc.com (em inglês). Consultado em 6 de fevereiro de 2020 
  4. Randal Bollinger, R.; Barbas, Andrew S.; Bush, Errol L.; Lin, Shu S.; Parker, William (21 de dezembro de 2007). «Biofilms in the large bowel suggest an apparent function of the human vermiform appendix». Journal of Theoretical Biology (em inglês). 249 (4): 826–831. ISSN 0022-5193. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.08.032 
  5. CHOI, Charles Q. «The Appendix: Useful and in Fact Promising». livescience.com (em inglês). Consultado em 6 de fevereiro de 2020 
  6. Smith, H. F.; Fisher, R. E.; Everett, M. L.; Thomas, A. D.; Bollinger, R. Randal; Parker, W. (2009). «Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix». Journal of Evolutionary Biology (em inglês). 22 (10): 1984–1999. ISSN 1420-9101. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01809.x 
  7. Terra Notícias. Acessado em 9 de outubro de 2006.
  8. Oliphant-Smith Debate (“Debate entre Oliphant e Smith”). Nasville: Gospel Advocate Co., 1952, p. 132.
  9. Scientific American. Acessado em 15 de dezembro de 2010.
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