Aplicação de Gauss

A aplicação de Gauss disponibiliza uma função para todo ponto numa curva ou superfície a um ponto correspondente na esfera unitária.

Em geometria diferencial, a aplicação de Gauss (também grafado aplicação de Gauß), mapa de Gauss, mapa gaussiano ou aplicação gaussiana (nomeado devido a Carl Friedrich Gauss) relaciona uma superfície no espaço euclidiano para a esfera unitária . Dada uma superfície em , a aplicação de Gauss é uma aplicação contínua tal que é um vetor ortogonal a X em p.

A aplicação de Gauss pode ser definida globalmente se e somente se a superfície é orientável, no caso em que seu grau é metade da respectiva característica de Euler. A aplicação de Gauss pode ser sempre definida localmente. O determinante Jacobiano da aplicação de Gauss é igual à curvatura de Gauss.

Gauss foi o primeiro a escrever algo sobre o tópico em 1825, publicando-o em 1827.

Generalizações

Gauss em 1827.

A aplicação de Gauss pode ser definida para hipersuperfícies em como uma função de uma hipersuperfície na esfera unitária

Para uma k-subvariedade orientada geral de a aplicação de Gauss também pode ser definida, e sua imagem é o Grassmaniano orientado , ou seja, o conjunto de todos osk-planos orientados em . Nesse caso, um ponto da subvariedade é relacionado a um subespeço orientado tangente. Ou seja, a partir do complemento ortogonal. No espaço euclidiano tridimensional, isso nos fornece que um 2-plano orientado é caracterizado por uma 1-linha orientada, equivalente a um vetor normal unitário (como ), consistente com a definição dada acima.

A noção de aplicação de Gauss pode ser generalizada para a subvariedade orientada X de dimensão k nnuma Variedade de Riemann M de dimensão n. Nesse caso, a aplicação de Gauss vai de X para o conjunto de k-planos tangentes de um fibrado tangente TM. O conjunto imagem dessa aplicação N é um fibrado de Grassmann construído no fibrado tangente TM. Nesse caso, onde , o fibrado tangente pode ser trivializado (e o fibrado de Grassman se torna uma função com imagem sendo o Grassmanniano).

Curvatura total

A área da imagem da aplicação de Gauss é chamada curvatura total' e é equivalente à integral de superfície da curvatura gaussiana. Esta é a interpretação original dada por Gauss. O Teorema de Gauss–Bonnet relaciona a curvatura total da superfície às suas propriedades topológicas.

Referências

  • Gauss, K. F., Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curvas (1827, em Latim)
  • Gauss, K. F., General investigations of curved surfaces, English translation. Hewlett, New York: Raven Press (1965).
  • Banchoff, T., Gaffney T., McCrory C., Cusps of the Gauss Map, (1982) Research Notes in Mathematics 55, Pitman, London. Dreibelbis: Dan's Web Page
  • Koenderink, J. J., Solid Shape, MIT Press (1990)

Ligações externas

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