Aleksandr Potebnia

Aleksandr Potebnia

Potebnia, 1892.
Nome completo Oleksander Opanasovich Potebnia
Nascimento 22 de setembro de 1835
Havrylivka
Morte 11 de dezembro de 1891 (56 anos)
Kharkiv
Nacionalidade Ucrânia ucraniano
Ocupação Linguista

Alexander Potebnja (em russo: Алекса́ндр Афана́сьевич Потебня́;[1] em ucraniano: Олекса́ндр Опана́сович Потебня́) foi um russo[2][3][4] e ucraniano[5] que trabalhou como linguista, filósofo e panslavista, tendo sido professor de linguística na Universidade Imperial de Kharkov.[6][7][8]

Ele construiu uma teoria da linguagem e da consciência que mais tarde influenciou o pensamento do seu conterrâneo, o psicólogo Lev Vygotsky.[9] O seu principal trabalho foi Linguagem e Pensamento (em russo: Мысль и язык) (1862).[10] Ele também publicou uma série de trabalhos sobre gramática russa, sobre a história dos sons na língua russa e sobre a poesia popular eslava; além disso, ele traduziu um pequeno fragmento da Odisseia de Homero para o ucraniano.[11]

Seu nome torna-se central no debate estético do século XX pelos questionamentos feitos à suas ideias pelos formalistas russos e pelo estruturalismo.

John Fizer descreve que Potebnja foi influenciado pelas ideias de linguagem em Kant e Humboldt, fundamentalmente pelas formulações da psicolinguística que se encontram em seus trabalhos sobre linguagem, mitologia e folclore. Potebnia utiliza conceitos como forma interior, enegia, polisemia e a semiose do discurso poético. Muito das teorias de Potebnia encontram similaridades com o trabalho de Benedetto Croce, Leo Spitzer e Charles Sanders Peirce.

Debate com os formalistas

Conforme Potebnia a função da imagem é procurar semelhança entre coisas diferentes facilitar o conhecimento. Por isso, a imagem devia ser mais simples do que aquilo que explica.

Contrariando essas noções, Chklovski negou a ideia da imagem como instrumento conhecido e propôs que ela fosse utilizada para se atingir o desconhecido, assim como demonstrou que os autores e as escolas não criam as próprias imagens. Assim os formalistas se opuseram a uma das ideias centrais do pensamento de Poetbnia, a "arte como pensamento em imagens", afirmavam que Poetbnia não distinguia entre a linguagem da poesia e a da prosa.

Ignorando assim o que para os formalistas é central, ou seja que há duas formas de imagem, a imagem como significado prático das coisas, nas palavras, e a imagem como poética.

Segundo Chklovski, a arte, em sentido contrário ao usual da palavra de cada idioma, procura remover o objeto da percepção comum ou questionar a percepção automática do ser humano de várias formas. As imagens assim são um dos dispositivos pelos quais o poeta singulariza o texto, mediante a produção do estranhamento. A arte é assim um conjunto de atitudes rumo ao desvio da linguagem comum em favor do insólito e do imprevisto.

Referências

  1. pronúncia russa: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɐfɐˈnasʲɪvʲɪtɕ pətʲɪbˈnʲa]
  2. Brown, Keith (Ed.) Encyclopedia of language & linguistics. Elsevier Science; 2. Edition. 2006. Band 1. P. 138.
  3. Alexander Potebnja (Krugosvet: Encyclopaedia)
  4. Alexander Potebnja (Encyclopedia Of World History)
  5. Alexander Potebnja (Great Russian Encyclopaedia)
  6. «N Kerecuk. 2006. "Potebnja, Alexander (1835–1891)"» (PDF). Consultado em 3 de agosto de 2012. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 20 de março de 2014 
  7. Kerecuk N (2000). ‘Consciousness in Potebnja’s theory of language.’ In Histoire E´ piste´mologie. Language, vol. XII, fascicule 2. 81–95.
  8. Kess J F (1988). ‘Review of ‘‘John Fizer: Alexander A. Potebnja’s psycholinguistic theory of literature; a metacritical inquiry’’.’ In Revue Canadienne des Slavistes, Vol. XXX. No. 3. 408–409
  9. JOHN FIZER. 1982. Potebnja's Views of the Structure of the Work of Poetic Art: A Critical Retrospection. Harvard Ukrainian Studies. Vol. 6, No. 1 (March 1982), pp. 5-24
  10. Potebnia A. A. (1862/2007). Thought and language. Kerecuk N (trans.). [Annotated translation (English and Portuguese), including full bibliography.]
  11. GEORGE Y. SHEVELOV. 1994. Homer's Arbitration in a Ukrainian Linguistic Controversy: Alexander Potebnja and Peter Niščyns´kyj. Harvard Ukrainian Studies Vol. 18, No. 1/2, UKRAINIAN PHILOLOGY AND LINGUISTICS (June 1994), pp. 104-116

Bibliografia

  • Chekhovych, K. Oleksander Potebnia: Ukraïns’kyi myslytel’-lingvist (Warsaw 1931)
  • Shevelov, G.Y. ‘Alexander Potebnja as a Linguist,’ AUA, 5, nos 2–3 (1956)
  • Bilodid, I.; et al (eds). O.O. Potebnia i deiaki pytannia suchasnoï slavistyky (Kharkiv 1962)
  • Tsiluiko, K.; et al (eds). Oleksandr Opanasovych Potebnia: Iuvileinyi zbirnyk do 125-richchia z dnia narodzhennia (Kyiv 1962)
  • Franchuk, V. Oleksandr Opanasovych Potebnia (Kyiv 1975; rev edn, Kyiv 1985)
  • Presniakov, O. A.A. Potebnia i russkoe literaturovedenie kontsa XIX–nachala XX veka (Saratov 1978)— Poetika poznaniia i tvorchestva: Teoriia slovesnosti A.A. Potebni (Moscow 1980)
  • Izhakevych, H.; et al (eds). Potebnians’ki chytannia (Kyiv 1981)
  • Franchuk, V. (ed). Naukova spadshchyna O.O. Potebni i suchasna filolohiia: Do 150-richchia z dnia narodzhennia O.O. Potebni; Zbirnyk naukovykh prats’ (Kyiv 1985)
  • Fizer, J. Alexander A. Potebnja's Psycholinguistic Theory of literature: A Metacritical Inquiry (Cambridge, Mass 1986)
  • Teoria da literatura: formalistas russos, organização de Dionísio de Oliveira Toledo e prefácio de Boris Schnaiderman. Porto Alegre, Editora Globo, 1971.
  • Modern literary theory: a reader, editado por Philip Rice e Patricia Waugh. Londres, Arnold, 1996.
  • Narrative composition: a link between german and russian poetics, de Lubomír Dolezel. em:Russian formalism. A collection of articles and texts in translation, editado por Stephen Bann e John E. Bowlt. Edimburgo, Scottish Academic Press, 1973.
  • Russian formalism: history, doctrine, de Victor Erlich. The Hague/Paris, Mouton, 1969.
  • Alexander A. Potebnja's Psycholinguistic Theory of Literature: A Metacritical Inquiry de John Fizer. Harvard Series in Ukrainian Studies, 1988.

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