Abu Iacube Iúçufe II

 Nota: Para outros significados, veja Almostancir. Para outros significados, veja Iúçufe II. Para outros significados, veja Abu Iacube Iúçufe.
Abu Iacube Iúçufe II
Califa almóada
Reinado 1213-1223/1224
Antecessor(a) Maomé Anácer
Sucessor(a) Abde Aluaide Almaclu
Nascimento 1203
Morte 1223 ou 1224
Dinastia almóada
Pai Maomé Anácer
Religião Islão

Abu Iacube Iúçufe II ibne Anácer[1] (em árabe: أَبُو يَعقُوب يُوسُف بن النَاصِر; romaniz.: Abū Iūsuf Iaʿqūb ibn an-Nāṣir), apelidado Almostancir Bilá (em árabe: المسنتصر بالله; romaniz.: al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh; lit. "Aquele que procura vitória em Deus"),[2][3] foi um califa almóada que reinou entre 1213 e 1223/24. Era filho de Maomé Anácer (r. 1199–1213), seu antecessor, e foi sucedido pelo efêmero Abde Aluaide Almaclu (r. 1224).

Vida

Mesquita de Tinmel
Califado Almóada ca. 1200

Iúçufe era filho do califa Maomé Anácer (r. 1199–1213) e nasceu em 1203. Em 1213, seu pai morre subitamente, talvez envenenado pelos xeiques almóadas do Magrebe, e Iúçufe sucede-o apesar de ser menor de idade.[4] A sua entronização foi acompanhada de condições que limitavam seu poder, notadamente o compromisso de não reter contingentes almóadas por muito tempo em território inimigo e não atrasar o pagamento dos soldos. Consequentemente, os negócios do Estado começaram a ter sensível deterioração.[5] Durante todo seu reinado, Almostancir apenas saía de sua capital Marraquexe para peregrinar a Tinmel, deixando seu vizir ibne Jami incumbido de suprimir as cada vez mais frequentes revoltas que eclodiam no Magrebe.[6] De acordo com o Dhakhira as-Sanīa, uma fonte hostil aos almóadas, Iúçufe era uma marionete que, por sua inexperiência, ficou em seu palácio envolto em frivolidades e vinho e deixou o governo sob comando de seus tios e parentes e delegou os assuntos do Estado a seus ministros e xeiques. Eles, continua a fonte, invejavam o poder uns dos outros e lutaram pela supremacia, enfraquecendo o Califado Almóada.[4] Os vizires, a seu turno, investiram-se de poderes exorbitantes, usurpando a própria autoridade do Estado.[7]

Já em 1214, foi assinada uma trégua entre almóadas e os cristãos do Alandalus em decorrência da sucessão na corte de Marraquexe e por dissensões no seio da nobreza cristã e o mau ciclo de colheitas em seus feudos; a trégua seria renovada em 1221 e duraria até a morte do califa.[3] Apesar do aparecimento, primeiro entre os sanhajas, e depois entre os jazulas, de duas personagens que diziam descender dos fatímidas e mádis, seu reinado decorreu sem grandes problemas até 1218, quando os Benamerim (merínidas) surgem perto de Fez.[8] Supostamente os exércitos califais já teriam confrontado os Benamerim de Abdalaque I (r. ca. 1195–1217) numa batalha às margens do rio Nacur em 1216, mas a julgar pela pouca fiabilidade das fontes que atestam o conflito, é possível que essa batalha não tenha ocorrido.[9] Seja como for, apesar da aparente calmaria, a ameaça cristã continuava a crescer, os Banu Gania estavam novamente em movimento e os Benamerim, até então mantidos além dos limites saarianos do país, penetravam no coração do extremo Magrebe, inicialmente na região entre Taza e Mequinez, e depois na zona de Fez.[8] A situação piorou com a morte de Iúçufe em 1223[10] ou 1224[11][7] e a sucessão pelo efêmero Abde Aluaide Almaclu.[10]

Referências

  1. Alves 2014, p. 571.
  2. Revista 1946, p. 17.
  3. a b Monteiro 2015, p. 170.
  4. a b Bennison 2016, p. 115.
  5. Saidi 2010, p. 60.
  6. Buresi 2012, p. 80.
  7. a b Saidi 2010, p. 61.
  8. a b Saidi 2010, p. 60-61.
  9. Mediano 2010, p. 108.
  10. a b Shatzmiller 1993, p. 802-803.
  11. Silva 2015, p. 10.

Bibliografia

  • Alves, Adalberto (2014). Dicionário de Arabismos da Língua Portuguesa. Lisboa: Leya. ISBN 9722721798 
  • Bennison, Amira K. (2016). Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edimburgo: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748646825 
  • Buresi, Pascal; El Aallaoui, Hicham (2012). Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224-1269) : Critical Edition, Translation, and Study of Manuscript 4752 of the Hasaniyya Library in Rabat Containing 77 Taqādīm ("appointments"). Leida: Brill 
  • Mediano, Fernando Rodríguez (2010). «4 . The post Almohad dynasties in al Andalus and the Maghrib (seventh ninth/thirteenth !fteenth centuries)». In: Fierro, Maribel. The New Cambridge History of Islam. II: The Western Islamic World Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambrígia: Imprensa da Universidade de Cambrígia 
  • Monteiro, João Gouveia; Martins, Miguel Gomes; Agostinho, Paulo Jorge (2015). Guerra e Poder na Europa Medieval. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra 
  • Revista da Faculdade de Letras. 12 e 13. Lisboa: Universidade de Lisboa 
  • Saidi, O. (2010). «2 - A unificação do Magreb sob os Almóadas». In: Niane, Djibril Tamsir. História Geral da África IV - África do Século XII ao XVI. Paris; São Carlos: UNESCO; Universidade de São Carlos 
  • Shatzmiller, M. (1993). «al-Muwaḥḥidūn». In: Bosworth, C. E.; Donzel, E. van; Heinrichs, W.P.; Pellat, Ch. The Encyclopaedia of Islam Vol. VII Mif-Naz. Leida e Nova Iorque: Brill 
  • Silva, Acauã Alves Galvão da (2015). «As Relações Políticas entre os Mouros da Espanha e Norte da África no período de dominação Islâmica na Península Ibérica Medieval». IRECHEBH (5) 

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