Zhu Xi

Zhu Xi
Født18. okt. 1130[1]Rediger på Wikidata
Youxi (Nanjian Zhou, Song-dynastiet)
Død23. apr. 1200[1]Rediger på Wikidata (69 år)
Kina
BeskjeftigelseLyriker, skribent, filosof, historiker, komponist Rediger på Wikidata
Akademisk gradEmbetsmannskandidat på palassnivå (1148)
EktefelleLiu Shi[2]
FarZhu Song[2]
MorZhu Shi[2]
BarnZhu Shu[2]
Zhu Ye[2]
Zhu Zai
NasjonalitetSong-dynastiet
GravlagtZhu Xis grav

Zhu Xi (kinesisk: 朱熹, pinyin: Zhū Xī, W.-G.: Chu Hsi, født 18. oktober 1130 i Youxi i Fujian i Kina, død 23. april 1200) var Kinas fremste neokonfucianske filosof. Han underviste ved det fremstående Den hvite hjorts grottes akademi og var Song-keiserens lærer og rådgiver.

Liv og virke

Bakgrunn

Zhu Xis forfedre kom fra Wuyuan i dagens provins Jiangxi, i grensetraktene inn mot dagens Anhui. Men selv kom han lenger sørfra, fra indre deler av kystprovinsen av Fujian. Han far var en mellomnivås embedsmann, og var en Song-nasjonalist i den pågående konflikt mellom Det sørlige Song-dynasti og det jursjenske Jin-dynastiet.

Zhu Xi viste store talenter allerede som barn. Da han var tre år gammel lærte faren ham at det som var over hans hode var himmelen. Så svarte Xu umiddelbart: «Og hva er over himmelen»?

Faren døde fa gutten var 13 år, etter å ha instruert ham til å studere under tre disipler av det berømte filosofbrødreparet Cheng Hao og Cheng Yi, to neo-konfucianske tenkere undfer det tidlige Song-dynasti. De tre læremestrene hadde også åpent sinn overfor daoismen og buddhismen.

I 1148, da han var atten år, bestod Zhu Xi provinsnivåprøven av den kinesiske embedsmannseksamen. Han viste imidlertid ingen entusiasme for noen karriere i det keiserlige byråkrati, og konsentrerte seg om vider studier, utvekslet tanker med andre lærde og utviklet sine egne neo-konfucianske teorier og læresetninger.

Virksomhet

Under det halve århundret fra embedsmannseksamenen frem til sin død, virket Zhu Xi som embedsmann i mindre enn ti år, mens han var tilknyttet hoffet i 46 år. Han viet seg til undervisningen, som han verdsatte høyt. Han etterlot seg over 70 verk. Dessuten grunnla han mer enn 50 private høyere læreanstalter i Wuyi-fjellene og utdannet personlig mer enn tusen elever, blant annet ved det fremtredende Yuelu-akademiet i Changsha i Hunan. Flere av dem ble betydningsfulle teoretikere.

Blant Zhu Xis verker er boken Familien Zhus familienormer, et nøkkelverk for reguleringen av familieforhold. Kort før han døde reviderte han sine anmerkninger til boken Den store lærdom (大學, dàxué), som skulle benyttes ved den kinesiske embedsmannsutdannelse frem til 1905. Han tilskrives også ansvaret for å ha fastsatt «konfucianismens kanon» av tekster, kjent som konfucianismens fire bøker. Han brukte likefremt språk, nesten som talemålskinesisk, i kommentarer som han forfattet om alle disse fire klassiske tekster. Alle disse kommentarene skulle stå seg som standardkommentarer til bruk som støttelitteratur i forbindelse med den kinesiske embedsmannseksamen helt frem til 1900-tallet.

Zhu Xi beskrives gjerne som en radikalt ateistisk filosof. Den beskrivelsen er bare passende dersom man samtidig gir rom for at det kan finnes en ateisme med transcenderende trekk.

Han var dessuten en fremragende kalligraf.

Litteratur

  • J. Percy Bruce: Chu Hsi and His Masters, Probsthain & Co., London, 1922.
  • Michael J. Buckley, S.J.: At the Origins of Modern Atheism, Yale, 1990, ISBN 0-300-04897-1
  • Daniel K. Gardener: Learning To Be a Sage, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1990.
  • Bruce E. Carpenter: «Chu Hsi and the Art of Reading», i Tezukayama University Review (Tezukayama daigaku ronshū), Nara, Japan, no. 15, 1977, s. 13-18.
  • Wing-tsit Chan: Chu Hsi: Life and Thought, 1987
  • Wing-tsit Chan: Chu Hsi: New Studies, 1989
  • Hoyt Cleveland Tillman: Utilitarian Confucianism: Ch‘en Liang's Challenge to Chu Hsi, 1982
  • Wm. Theodore de Bary: Neo-Confucian Orthodoxy and the Learning of the Mind-and-Heart, 1981
  • Donald J. Munro: Images of Human Nature: A Sung Portrait, 1988

Se også

Referanser

  1. ^ a b Autorités BnF, BNF-ID 11929676b, besøkt 10. oktober 2015[Hentet fra Wikidata]
  2. ^ a b c d e China Biographical Database[Hentet fra Wikidata]


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