Mississippi Delta

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Kart over Mississippi Delta
Den delte elvesletteen til Yazoo- og Mississippielvene.

Mississippi Delta (eller Mississippi-Yazoo Delta) er et område i den nordvestlige del av den amerikanske delstaten Mississippi, og ligger mellom Mississippi- og Yazoo-elvene; området er en elveslette som deles av de to elvene.

Beskrivelse, historie

Området har en særlig rasemessig, kulturell og økonomisk historie som har gitt det tilnavnet «The most southern place on Earth»[1] (Southern betyr her «sørstatspregede»). Området er over 320 km langt i nord-sør retning og m 140 km i øst-vest retning, og har et areal på nesten 18.000 km² bestående av alluvial flatmark. Opprinnelig var området dekket av skoger, men ble forvandlet til et av de mest produktive bomullsområder i USA før den amerikanske borgerkrig (1861-1865).

Området tiltrakk seg mange spekulanter som ryddet mer og mer jord langs flodbreddene til bomullsproduksjon. De ble velhavende plantasjeeiere, som baserte sin produksjon på negerslaver som snart utgjorde den klart største befolkningsgruppe i dette område før borgerkrigen; det var i mange delområder dobbelt så mange mennesker av afrikansk som av europeisk avstamning.

Idet de flodnære deler av deltaet var de første som ble utviklet, og det gikk tregt med å anlegge jernbaner lengre vekk, forble store deler av området lengre borte fra floden uutviklet lang tid etter borgerkrigen. Etterhvert som migranter av både afrikansk og europeisk avstamning inntok området, ble resten av deltaet ryddet, idet beboerne solgte tømmeret for å kunne kjøpe jord. Mot slutten av 1800-tallet utgjorde bønder av afrikansk avstamning, etterkommere av slavene, 2/3-deler av de uavhengige jordeiere i deltaet. I 1890 vedtok Mississippis delstatsforsamling, som var dominert av hvite menn, en ny konstitusjon for staten som effektivt holdt de svarte fra å stemme og derved få innflytelse på statens utvikling. Det medførte at de fleste av disse i løpet av de neste tre årtier mistet sin jord som følge av strenge kredittvilkår og politisk undertrykkelse. Afroamerikanerne måtte derfor finne seg å at forpakte eller leie jorden for å overleve. Den politiske utelukkelse av denne befolkningsgruppe holdt seg til etter borgerrettighetsbevegelsens fremganger i 1960-årene.

Afroamerikanerne i deltaet utviklet de musikalske former som skulle bli kjent som blues og jazz, hvor en av bluesens første uttrykk ble kjent som Mississippi Delta Blues. Det er forblitt en overveiende svart befolkningsovervekt i flere counties i deltaet, selv om flere enn 400.000 av dem reiste derfra under flukten fra Sørstatene i første halvdel av 1900-tallet og søkte mot nord, Midtvesten og til de vestlige industribyer.

Ettersom den landbruksbaserte økonomi ikke produserer mange arbeidsplasser eller mange avledede forretningsområder, har man i området kjempet for å diversifisere de økonomiske muligheter. Skoghogst har vært et viktig supplement til det tradisjonelle landbruk, og utvikling av nye jordbruksprodukter som sojabønner har gitt de største landbruk nye inntjeningsmuligheter.

Deltaet har til tider vært hardt rammet av oversvømmelser fra Mississippifloden, særlig i 1927 og 2011.

Litteratur

  • Brandenfon, Robert L. Cotton Kingdom of the New South: A History of the Yazoo Mississippi Delta from Reconstruction to the Twentieth Century.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.
  • Cobb, Charles E., Jr., "Traveling the Blues Highway", National Geographic Magazine, v. 195, no. 4 (April 1999).
  • Collins, Janelle. Defining the Delta: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Lower Mississippi River Delta. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville 2015, ISBN 978-1-55728-687-1.
  • Cobb, James C. The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Cosby, A.G. et al. A Social and Economic Portrait of the Mississippi Delta (1992) online (Alternate, Archive)
  • Currie, James T. Enclave: Vicksburg and Her Plantations, 1863-1870. 1980.
  • Dollard, John. Caste and Class in a Southern Town. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1937.
  • Eckes, Suzanne E. "The Perceived Barriers to Integration in the Mississippi Delta," Journal of Negro Education, vol. 74, no. 2 (Spring 2005), pp. 159–173. in JSTOR
  • Ferris, William. Give My Poor Heart Ease: Voices of the Mississippi Blues. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
  • Ferris, William and Glenn Hinson. The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 14: Folklife Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
  • Ferris, William; Blues From The Delta. Revised edition. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1988.
  • Gioia, Ted. Delta Blues: The Life and Times of the Mississippi Masters Who Revolutionized American Music. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2009.
  • Gardner, Justin, and Nolan, Tom. "An Agricultural Economist's Perspective on the Mississippi Delta," Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies, vol. 40, no. 2 (2009), 40#2 pp 80–89
  • Giggie, John M. After redemption: Jim Crow and the transformation of African American religion in the Delta, 1875-1915 (2007). [DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304039.001.0001 online]
  • Greene, Alison Collis. No Depression in Heaven: The Great Depression, the New Deal, and the Transformation of Religion in the Delta. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Gussow, Adam. "Heaven and Hell Parties: Ministers, Bluesmen, and Black Youth in the Mississippi Delta, 1920–1942," Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies,vol. 41, no. 3 (Dec. 2010), pp. 186–203.
  • Hamlin, Francoise N. Crossroads at Clarksdale: The Black Freedom Struggle in the Mississippi Delta After World War II. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.
  • Harris, Sheldon. Blues Who's Who. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1979.
  • Helferich, Gerry. High Cotton: Four Seasons in the Mississippi Delta. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2007.
  • McCoyer, Michael. "'Rough Men in "the Toughest Places I Ever Seen': The Construction and Ramifications of Black Masculine Identity in the Mississippi Delta's Levee Camps, 1900-1935," International Labor and Working-Class History, Issue 69 (Spring 2006), pp. 57–80.
  • Morris, Christopher. Becoming Southern: The Evolution of a Way of Life, Warren County and Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1770–1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • Nelson, Lawrence J. "Welfare Capitalism on a Mississippi Plantation in the Great Depression," Journal of Southern History, vol. 50 (May 1984), pp. 225–250. in JSTOR
  • Nicholson, Robert. Mississippi Blues Today. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1999.
  • Null, Elisabeth Higgins. "Fifty Years After Brown: The Fight for Equality in Mississippi’s Delta Schools Continues," Rural Roots. Rural School and Community Trust, Feb. 2004.
  • Owens, Harry P. Steamboats and the Cotton Economy: River Trade in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta. 1990.
  • Palmer, Robert. Deep Blues: A Musical and Cultural History of the Mississippi Delta. New York: Viking Press, 1981.
  • Percy, William Alexander. Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter's Son. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941.
  • Powdermaker, Hortense. After Freedom: A Cultural Study in the Deep South. New York: Viking Press, 1939.
  • Ramsey, Frederic. Been Here And Gone. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1960.
  • Rubin, Richard. Confederacy of Silence: A True Tale of the New Old South. New York: Atria/Simon & Schuster, 2002.
  • Saikku, Mikko. This Delta, This Land: An Environmental History of the Yazoo-Mississippi Floodplain. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2005.
  • Saikku, Mikko. "Bioregional Approach to Southern History: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta", Southern Spaces, Jan. 28, 2010.
  • Scott Matthews, "Flatlands in the Outlands: Photographs from the Delta and Bayou," Southern Spaces, Dec. 12, 2011.
  • Willis, John C. Forgotten Time: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta After the Civil War (2000)
  • Woodruff, Nan Elizabeth. American Congo: The African American Freedom Struggle in the Delta. 2003.
  • Wilson, Charles Reagan. "Mississippi Delta", Southern Spaces, 4 April 2004. http://southernspaces.org/2004/mississippi-delta
  • Charles Reagan Wilson, William Ferris, Ann J. Adadie; Encyclopedia of Southern Culture. Second edition. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.

Referanser

  1. ^ James C. Cobb, The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity (1992)

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