As (mynt)

As fra ca. 240–225 f.Kr.
Tegning av en as fra Den romerske republikk

As eller assarius (latin, flertall: assēs eller assari, gresk: ἀσσάριον (assarion))[1] var en bronse- og senere også kobber-mynt som var i bruk i Romerriket.

Romerne erstattet bruken av greske mynter, først med bronseplater og så med bronseklumper kjent som «aes rude».[2] Systemet med as som opprinnelig var store støpte bronsemynter ble innført rundt 280 f.Kr.

Det ble også tatt i bruk delverdier: bes (2/3 as), semis (1/2 as), quincunx (5/12 as), triens (1/3 as), quandrans (1/4 as), sextans (1/6 as), uncia (1/12 as) og semucia (1/24 as). De hadde også enheter på flere as: dupondius (2 aser), sestertius (2 ½ aser) og tressis (3 aser).

Etter at myntene hadde vært i omløp ca. sytti år og vekten etter hvert hadde blitt redusert, ble sølvmynten denarius introdusert. I utgangspunktet hadde den en verdi på 10 aser, men rundt 140 f.Kr. ble verdien endret til 16 aser. Det er hevdet at dette skulle bidra til å finansiere punerkrigene.

Under republikken var det avbilding av guden Janusadvers (forsiden) og forstevnen på en galeirevers (baksiden).

As fra keiser Neros tid

Etter pengereformen under keiser Augustus i 23 f.Kr. ble asene slått i rødaktig kobber i stedet for bronse og sestertiusene ble slått i en gyllen bronselegering kjent som orikalkum. De ble produsert til 3. århundre og i keisertiden var det den laveste myntverdien som ble regelmessig produsert. Semis og quadrans ble av og til produsert, men ikke etter Markus Aurelius (regjerte 161-180). De siste aser ser ut til å være produsert av keiser Aurelianus (regjerte 270-275) og i starten på Diokletians regjeringstid (284-305).[3]

As, under det greske navnet «assarion» ble gjeninnført av keiser Andronikos II (regjerte 1282-1328) og ble produsert i et stort antall i første halvdel av det 14. århundre. Det var en kobbermynt av lav kvalitet og hadde den minste myntverdien i det bysantinske myntsystemet. Den ble vekslet i forholdet 1:768 mot gullmynten hyperpyron[4] Designet på mynten skiftet ofte, kanskje årlig, og det er stor variasjon i utseendet.

Mynten assarion ble i 1367 erstattet av to andre kobbermynter, «tornesel» og «follis».[5]

Referanser

  1. ^ Kazhdan 1991 & s. 212.
  2. ^ Puech 1970.
  3. ^ Wildwinds.com.
  4. ^ Hyperpyron var en bysantinsk gullmynt som på 1100-tallet erstattet den romerske solidus
  5. ^ Grierson 1999 & s. 22, 45.

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