Ammoniumnitrat

Ammoniumnitrat
Identifikatorer
CAS-nummer6484-52-2
SMILES[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[NH4+]
Kjemiske egenskaper
FormelNH4NO3
Molar masse80,04336 g/mol
UtseendeHvite krystaller
Tetthet1720 kg/m3
Smeltepunkt169.6 °C
Kokepunkt210 °C
Løselighet150 g/100 ml (vann 20 °C)
Struktur
Krystallstrukt.Trigonal
Eksplosive
SlagfølsomhetSvært lav
FriksjonsfølsomhetSvært lav
Detonasjonshastighet2500 m/s
Farer
HovedfarerEksplosivt, oksiderende.
Relatert
Andre anionerAmmoniumnitritt
Andre kationerNatriumnitrat, Kaliumnitrat, Hydroksylammoniumnitrat
Andre lignende forbindelserAmmoniumperklorat

Ammoniumnitrat er hvite krystaller med den kjemiske formelen NH4NO3. Stoffet holder seg stabilt under vanlig romtemperatur og atmosfærisk trykk, men kan spaltes når det blir oppvarmet (spaltes ved temperatur over 210 °C) eller lagret på feil måte. Dette har ført til flere store ulykker. Ammoniumnitrat brukes i kunstgjødsel og som bestanddel i sprengstoff. Det er hovedingrediensen i ANFO, som er et mye brukt sprengstoff i anleggsvirksomhet og gruveindustrien. Ammoniumnitrat gjennomgår en endoterm reaksjon når det blandes med vann. Det brukes derfor i såkalte ice-pack som legges på hevelser i muskulaturen ved for eksempel idretts-skader.

Produksjon

Ammoniumnitrat fremstilles i industriell skala ved en syre/base reaksjon mellom ammoniakk og salpetersyre.

Ammoniumnitrat kan også produseres ved å blande ammoniumsulfat og kalsiumnitrat i en varm vannoppløsning. Det vil foregå et ionebytte i oppløsningen, og det meget tungt oppløselige stoffet kalsiumsulfat kan filtreres ut av den avkjølte oppløsningen, som nå inneholder ammoniumnitrat. Vannet kokes deretter ut til man har tørr ammoniumnitrat:

Ca(NO3)2 + (NH4)2SO4 → 2 NH4NO3 + CaSO4

Ammoniumnitrat reagerer med alkalimetall-hydroksider under frigjøring av ammoniakk gass og et alkalimetall-nitrat:

NH4NO3 + NaOH → NH3 + H2O + NaNO3

Ammoniumnitrat reagerer med saltsyre (HCl) under dannelse av ammoniumklorid og salpetersyre:

NH4NO3 + HCl → NH4Cl + HNO3

Se også

Litteratur

  • Properties: UNIDO and International Fertilizer Development Center (1998), Fertilizer Manual, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 0-7923-5032-4.

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