Acadia

Acadia
Acadias flagg

Acadia (fransk: Acadie) var en fransk koloni som ble grunnlagt i 1605 av oppdageren Samuel de Champlain (1574–1635) i Nord-Amerika. Området er i dag dels en del av provinsen Québec i Canada, dels en del av De kanadiske kystprovinser, og dels en del av delstaten Maine i USA.

Samuel de Champlain etablerte i 1605 også bosetningen Port Royal på øya som nå kalles Nova Scotia; dette var den første europeiske bosetningen på Nord-Amerikas østkyst nord for Florida. Acadia ble en av koloniene som sammen med Québec utgjorde Nouvelle-France. Frankrike gjorde opprinnelig krav på hele kyststrekningen mellom 40 og 46 grader nord, men områdene sørover fra Kennebec River i Maine tilfalt under kolonikrigene med Storbritannia New England. Under fransk herredømme omfattet Acadia store deler av den nåværende regionen The Maritimes i Canada, med provinsene New Brunswick, Nova Scotia og Prince Edward Island.

Frankrike og Storbritannia kjempet gjennom mesteparten av 1600- og 1700-årene om koloniene i Nord-Amerika. Acadia ble erobret av britene og gjenerobret av franskmennene gjentatte ganger. Kolonien ble erobret av Storbritannia men avstått til Frankrike ved freden i Breda (1667), avstått til Storbriannia i 1690, gjenerobret av Frankrike og avstått igjen ved freden i Utrecht i 1713. De franske krav på Nova-Scotia ble endelig oppgitt ved Paris-traktaten i 1763, da hele Ny-Frankrike ble britisk.

Navnet Acadia ble introdusert av den italienske oppdager Giovanni da Verrazzano i fransk tjeneste. På et kart fra 1548 kalles kysten nordover fra Virginia Arcadia etter et klassisk gresk landskap, berømt for sin skjønnhet og fruktbarhet. Bokstaven 'r' i navnet falt bort da kong Henrik IV godkjente kolonien la Cadie, av Champlain kalt Acadie. Noen forskere mener at navnet heller skal utledes fra språket mi'kmaq, hvor etterleddet -akadie betyr «en god boplass». Teorien er at kontakten mellom franske handelsfolk og de innfødte førte til at l'Arcadie ble forandret til l'Acadie.

Acadisk kultur i Louisiana

Under britenes krig mot de innfødte stolte de ikke på de franske innbyggerne, da disse hadde hatt et godt samarbeid med de innfødte, som Frankrike støttet i krigene mot Storbritanna. Dette gjorde at de britiske styrkene forsøkte å tvinge fram en troskapsed fra den franske befolkningen. Da disse vegret for dette, raserte britene bosetningene og fordrev dem i 1755 fra deres hjem, som et tidlig eksempel på etnisk rensning (le Grand Dérangement). Fem år senere overtok britiske lojalister acadiernes eiendommer. Mange av innbyggerne bosatte seg i Louisiana, hvor deres franske språk fremdeles tales av rundt 300 000 mennesker. Av folkenavnet cadien, anglifisert til cajun, har verden fått begreper for mat og musikk som skriver seg fra denne regionen.

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