Fosfor

15 SilisiumFosforSvovel
N

P

As
Generelle eigenskapar
Namn, kjemisk symbol,
atomnummer
Fosfor, P, 15
Kjemisk serie Ikkje-metall
Gruppe, periode, blokk 15, 3, p
Tettleik, hardleik 1823 kg/m3, (?) (ikkje SI)
Utsjånad Kvit / raud / svart
Fosfor
Atomeigenskapar
Atommasse 30,973761 u (ikkje SI)
Atomradius (berekna) 100 (98) pm
Kovalent radius 106 pm
Ioneradius 44 pm (ladning: +3)
van der Waals radius 180 pm
Elektronkonfigurasjon [Ne]
Elektron per energinivå 2, 8, 5
Oksidasjonstrinn (oksid) −5, −4, −3, +3, +4, +5
(svak syre)
Krystallstruktur Monoklin
Fysiske eigenskapar
Tilstandsform Fast stoff
Smeltepunkt 317,3 K (44,2°C)
Kokepunkt 550 K (277°C)
Molart volum 17,02 cm3/mol
Fordampingsvarme 12,129 kJ/mol
Smeltevarme 0,657 kJ/mol
Damptrykk 20,8 Pa ved 21 °C
Ljodfart (?) m/s ved °C
Diverse eigenskapar
Elektronegativitet 2,19 (Paulings skala)
Spesifikk varmekapasitet 769 J/(kg·K)
Elektrisk konduktivitet 1000 MS/m
Termisk konduktivitet 0,235 W/(m·K)
Ioniseringspotensial  1 018 kJ/mol
 1 909 kJ/mol
 2 918 kJ/mol
 4 963 kJ/mol
 6 280 kJ/mol
21 275 kJ/mol
25 404 kJ/mol
29 861 kJ/mol
35 864 kJ/mol
40 966 kJ/mol
46 280 kJ/mol
54 080 kJ/mol
59 043 kJ/mol
Mest stabile isotopar
Iso-
top
Naturleg
førekomst
Halverings-
tid
 (ikkje SI)
NM NE MeV
(ikkje SI)
NP
31P 100% (stabil)
32P (kunstig) 14,28 døgn β 1,709 32S
33P (kunstig) 25,3 døgn β 0,249 33S
SI-einingar og STP er brukt unntatt der det er avmerkt

Fosfor er eit ikkje-metallisk grunnstoff med kjemisk symbol P og atomnummer 15. Det er plassert i gruppe 15 i p-blokka i periodesystemet.

Fosfor finst i minst fire allotrope former. Kvitt fosfor og raudt fosfor er dei to vanlegaste.

Biologisk rolle

Den største delen av fosfor i menneskeroppen, rundt 86%, finst i bein og tenner i bindingar med kalsium. 8-9 % finn ein i musklane og resten i organa og blodet.

Fosfor er ein viktig komponent i DNA-molekylet, som lagrar arvestoff, og finst i ATP-molekyl, dei viktigaste energilagra i kroppen. Stoffet er òg del av mange av enzyma som styrer næringsomsetjinga. Det er ein del av fosforlipidane, som regulerer feittomsetjinga og feittbalansen i blodet. Gjennom fosforhaldige samband hjelper det til med å transportera hormon gjennom cellemembranen inn i cellene.

Mangel på fosfor i kroppen kan føra til problem med bukspyttkjertelen, mjukning av bein, tannverk, minka vekst, vekttap, lågare kapasitet i hjernen og nervene og generell trøytnad. Dersom ein derimot stadig får i seg for mykje fosfor kan blodet bli syrleg slik at kalsium blir løyst frå beina og skilt ut i urinen bunden til fosforet. Dette vil føra til mangel på kalsium og ein auke i feittmengda i blodet. Eit kosthald som er svært høgt på kjøtmat kan gje for mykje fosfor.

Kjelder for stoffet er kjøt, fisk, egg, korn, ris, mjølkeprodukt, ølgjær, lecitin, ertevekstar og tørka frukt.

Bruk

Fosfor vert særleg brukt i gjødsel i form av konsentrert fosforsyre

Viktige sambindingar

Sjå også

Bakgrunnsstoff

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