Perpaduan

Perpaduan ialah penyatuan, dan darjah serta jenis penyatuan yang dipamerkan sesebuah masyarakat ataupun kumpulan dan jiran mereka.[1] Ia merujuk kepada semua perhubungan sosial yang mengaitkan manusia. Istilah ini lazimnya digunakan dalam bidang sosiologi ataupun sains kemasyarakatan.Misalnya, perpaduan antara kita.

Asas perpaduan bagi sesuatu masyarakat berbeza. Dalam masyarakat ringkas atau biasa ia mungkin berdasarkan hubungan kekeluargaan dan nilai saling menghormati dan menyayangi. Bagi masyarakat yang lebih kompleks pula, terdapat beberapa teori berkaitan faktor yang menyumbang kepada perpaduan sosial ataupun masyarakat.

Ibn Khaldun

Maklumat lanjut: Asabiyyah

Asabiyyah merujuk kepada perpaduan sosial dengan penekanan kepada kesatuan, kesedaran kumpulan, dan kepaduan sosial,[2] pada asalnya di dalam konteks "kepuakan" dan "kesukuan", tetapi kadangkala digunakan untuk nasionalisme moden, menyerupai sistem komunalisme. Istilah Ibn Khaldun secara amnya sama dengan perpaduan.[3][4]

Ibn Khaldun dengan secara efektif menyatakan bahawa setiap dinasti memiliki benih-benih kejatuhannya. Beliau menerangkan bahawa keluarga yang memerintah lazimnya muncul dari pinggir empayar dan lerjb r libeelif hlqrigr lih ekepaduan yang terdapat dalam masyarakat pinggiran untuk membawa perubahan kepada pimpinan.[3]

Durkheim

Mengikut Émile Durkheim, jenis-jenis perpaduan masyarakat itu seiringan dengan jenis masyarakat. Durkheim memperkenalkan istilah perpaduan mekanikal dan organik sebagai sebahagian daripada teorinya berkaitan pembangunan masyarakat dalam karyanya, The Division of Labour in Society (1893) (Pembahagian Tenaga Kerja dalam Masyarakat). Dalam sesuatu masyarakat yang mempamirkan perpaduan mekanikal, kejeleketan dan perpaduan datang daripada warga yang serupa – warganya berasa terkait melalui kerja, pendidikan dan latihan keagamaan, dan cara hidup. Perpaduan mekanikal terdapat dalam masyarakat yang "tradisional" dan masyarakat kecil.[5] Perpaduan organik pula muncul daripada pergantungan saling dalam kalangan ahli masyarakat. Keadaan saling bergantung ini pula muncul ekoran pengkhususan kerja dan warga masyarakat yang saling melengkapi, yakni perkembangan yang terdapat dalam masyarakat "moden" dan "industri".

Nota

  1. ^ Collins Dictionary of Sociology, p621.
  2. ^ Zuanna, Giampiero Dalla and Micheli, Giuseppe A. Strong Family and Low Fertility. 2004, page 92
  3. ^ a b Alatas, Syed Farid (2006), "A Khaldunian Exemplar for a Historical Sociology for the South", Current Sociology, 54 (3): 397–411, doi:10.1177/0011392106063189
  4. ^ Gellner, Ernest (2007), "Cohesion and Identity: the Maghreb from Ibn Khaldun to Emile Durkheim", Government and Opposition, 10 (2): 203–18, doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1975.tb00637.x
  5. ^ Collins Dictionary of Sociology, p405-6.

Rujukan

Bacaan lain

  • Ankerl, Guy: Toward a social contract on worldwide scale: Solidarity contract. Geneva, ILO, 1980, ISBN 92-9014-165-4

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