Lamarckisme

Lamarckism (atau Warisan Lamarckian) merupakan idea bahawa sesuatu organisma mampu menurunkan ciri-ciri yang ia dapati semasa hayatnya kepada keturunannya (juga dikenali sebagai warisan ciri-ciri yang didapati atau warisan lembut). Ia dinamakan sempena pakar biologi Perancis Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829), yang memasukkan aksi warisan lembut dalam teori evolusinya sebagai tambahan pada konsep warisan berterusan cenderung mendorong organisma ke arah lebih rumit, dalam jurai keturunan selari tetapi berasingan tanpa kepupusan. Lamarck tidak mencipta idea pewarisan lembut, yang mencadangkan bahawa usaha individual semasa tempoh hayat organisma merupakan mekanisma utama yang mendorong organisma ke arah penyesuaian, disebabkan mereka dipercayai akan mendapat perubahan penyesuaian dan menurunkan ia pada keturunannya.

Apabila Charles Darwin menerbitkan teori evolusinya melalui pemilihan semula jadi dalam On the Origin of Species, dia terus memberikan kepercayaan pada apa yang dia gelar "warisan berguna dan tidak berguna", tetapi menolak aspek lain bagi teori Lamarck. Kemudian, ilmu genetik Mendel menggantikan pendapat warisan melalui trait diperolehi, akhirnya membawa pada perkembangan sintesis evolusi moden, dan penyingkiran umum bagi teori Lamarckian mengenai evolusi dalam biologi. Disebalik penyingkiran ini, minat pada Lamarckism berterusan (2009) ketika kajian dalam bidang epigenetik telah menonjolkan kemungkinan warisan trait tingkah laku yang diperolehi oleh generasi sebelumnya.Ralat petik: Parameter tidak sah dalam teg <ref>^[1]

Rujukan

1. Arai, J. A.; Li, S.; Hartley, D. M.; Feig, L. A. (2009). "Transgenerational Rescue of a Genetic Defect in Long-Term Potentiation and Memory Formation by Juvenile Enrichment". Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (5): 1496–502. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5057-08.2009. PMC 3408235. PMID 19193896.

Bacaan lanjut

• Burkeman, Oliver. Why everything you've been told about evolution is wrong. The Guardian, March 19, 2010.
• Cook, George M. (December 1999). "Neo-Lamarckian Experimentalism in America: Origins and Consequences". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 74 (4): 417–37. doi:10.1086/394112. JSTOR 2664721. PMID 10672643.
• Cunningham, J. T. (2009). "Additional Evidence on the Influence of Light in producing Pigments on the Lower Sides of Flat Fishes". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 4: 53. doi:10.1017/S0025315400050761.
• Desmond, Adrian (1989). The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14374-0.
• Gould, Stephen J. (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Harvard: Belknap Harvard. m/s. 170–197 on Lamarck. ISBN 0-674-00613-5.
• Medawar, Peter (1959). "The threat and the glory". BBC Reith Lectures No. 6.
• Molino, Jean (2001). "Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Music and Language". Dalam Wallin, Nils L.; Merker, Björn; Brown, Steven (penyunting). The Origins of Music. Cambridge: The MIT Press. m/s. 165–76. ISBN 978-0-262-73143-0. Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (bantuan)
• Waddington, Conrad. (1961). "The human evolutionary system". In: Michael Banton (Ed.), Darwinism and the Study of Society. London: Tavistock.
• Seki, Yoshiyuki (2013). Groszmann, Roberto J; Iwakiri, Yasuko; Taddei, Tamar H (penyunting). "Serum-mediated transgenerational effects on sperm: Evidence for lamarckian inheritance?". Hepatology. 57 (4): 1663–5. doi:10.1002/hep.26240. PMID 23568276.
• Honeywill, Ross (2008). Lamarck's Evolution: two centuries of genius and jealousy. Murdoch Books, Sydney See website
• Fecht, Sarah. (2011). Longevity Shown for First Time to Be Inherited via a Non-DNA Mechanism. Scientific American.
• Ward, Lester Frank. (1891). Neo-Darwinism and Neo-Lamarckism. Washington Biological Society, Proceedings, VI.
• Jablonka, Eva. Lamb, Marion. (2008). The Epigenome in Evolution: Beyond The Modern Synthesis. VOGis Herald. Volume 12: 242–254.
• Persell, Stuart. (1999). Neo-Lamarckism and the evolution controversy in France, 1870-1920. Edwin Mellen Press.
• Burkhardt, R. W. (2013). "Lamarck, Evolution, and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters". Genetics. 194 (4): 793–805. doi:10.1534/genetics.113.151852. PMC 3730912. PMID 23908372.
• Burkhardt, Richard. (1995). The Spirit of System: Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology. Harvard University Press.
• Madaule, Madeleine Barthélemy. (1982). Lamarck, the Mythical Precursor. Mit Press.
• Liu, Yongsheng (2007). "Like father like son. A fresh review of the inheritance of acquired characteristics". EMBO reports. 8 (9): 798–803. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7401060. PMC 1973965. PMID 17767188.
• Gissis, Snait. Jablonka, Eva. Zeligowski, Anna. (2011). Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262015141
• Peng, Wayne (2011). "Lamarckian viral defense in worms". Nature Genetics. 44: 15. doi:10.1038/ng.1062.
• Pennisi, E. (2013). "Evolution Heresy? Epigenetics Underlies Heritable Plant Traits". Science. 341 (6150): 1055. doi:10.1126/science.341.6150.1055. PMID 24009370.

Pautan luar

• Nonsense in Schoolbooks - The Imaginary Lamarck Diarkibkan 2000-10-12 di Wayback Machine: Michael T. Ghiselin recounts Lamarck's times and writings.
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck : works and heritage Diarkibkan 2008-05-05 di Wayback Machine: an English/French web site edited by Pietro Corsi (Oxford Univ.) and realised by CNRS (France - IT team of CRHST). This web site contents all books, texts, manuscripts and Lamarck's Herbarium
• Guralnick, Rob; dll. (2006). "Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)". A History of Evolutionary Thought. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Dicapai pada 3 July 2010. Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (bantuan)
• The Sins of the Fathers, Take 2: "At tributes to Darwin, Lamarckism — inheritance of acquired traits — will be the skunk at the party." Sharon Begley, Newsweek, Jan 17, 2009, from the magazine issue dated January 26, 2009
• Essay on Meta-Lamarckism by Ross Honeywill