Gunung Pinatubo

Gunung Pinatubo
Gumpalan asap Pinatubo semasa letusan 1991
Titik tertinggi
Ketinggian	1,485 m (4,872 ka)
Geografi
Gunung Pinatubo Lokasi dalam Filipina
Lokasi	Zambales, Luzon, Filipina Tarlac, Luzon, Filipina Pampanga, Luzon, Filipina
Induk banjaran	Pergunungan Zambales
Geologi
Usia batuan	Antara 635,000 ± 80,000 dan 1.1 ±; 0.09 juta tahun[1]
Jenis gunung	Stratovolcano
Letusan terakhir	1991[2]

Gunung Pinatubo ialah sebuah gunung berapi pendam yang terletak di pulau Luzon, Filipina. Ketinggiannya kini ialah 1485 m (4,875 ka) sebelum letupan berlaku pada tahun 1991, ia setinggi 1745 m).

Rujukan

1. "Pinatubo Volcano". The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2009-01-29. Dicapai pada 2009-12-24.
2. "Pinatubo". Program Volkanisme Global, Institusi Smithsonian. http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0703-083. Diperolehi 2009-01-01.

Bacaan lanjut

• Chakraborty P, dll. (2009). "Volcanic mesocyclones" (PDF). Nature. 458 (7237): 495–500. Bibcode:2009Natur.458..497C. doi:10.1038/nature07866. PMID 19325632.^{[pautan mati kekal]}
• Decker, R. and Decker, B. (1997) Volcanoes, 3rd edition, WH Freeman, New York.
• McCormick, M. Patrick; dll. (1995). "Atmospheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruption". Nature. 373 (6513): 399–404. Bibcode:1995Natur.373..399M. doi:10.1038/373399a0.
• Rantucci, Giovanni (1994). Geological Disasters In The Philippines: The July 1990 Earthquake And The June 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Description, effects and lessons learned. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). ISBN 978-0-7881-2075-6. Dicapai pada August 15, 2009.
• Reilly, Benjamin (2009). Disaster and human history: case studies in nature, society and catastrophe. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3655-2.
• Self S.; Zhao, Jing-Xia; Holasek, R.E.; Torres, R.C.; King, A.J. (1998). Newhall, C.G.; Punongbayan, R.S. (penyunting). "Fire and Mud, Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines". Washington: Smithsonian Institution – Global Volcanism Program: 1126. Dicapai pada April 21, 2010. The atmospheric impact of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption
• Scaillet, B.; Evans, B. W. (1999). "The 15 June 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo. I. Phase Equilibria and Pre-eruption P-T-fO2-fH2O Conditions of the Dacite Magma". Journal of Petrology. 40 (3): 381–411. Bibcode:1999JPet...40..381S. doi:10.1093/petroj/40.3.381.
• Stimac, James A.; Goff, Fraser; Counce, Dale; Larocque, Adrienne C. L.; Hilton, David R.; Morgenstern, Uwe (2004). "The crater lake and hydrothermal system of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: Evolution in the decade after eruption". Bulletin of Volcanology. 66 (2): 149–167. Bibcode:2004BVol...66..149S. doi:10.1007/s00445-003-0300-3.
• Wiesner, Martin G.; Wetzel, Andreas; Catane, Sandra G.; Listanco, Eddie L.; Mirabueno, Hannah T. (2004). "Grain size, areal thickness distribution and controls on sedimentation of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo tephra layer in the South China Sea". Bulletin of Volcanology. 66 (3): 226–242. Bibcode:2004BVol...66..226W. doi:10.1007/s00445-003-0306-x.
• Dhot, S. Mt Pinatubo Safety.

Pautan luar

• Kategori berkenaan Gunung Pinatubo di Wikimedia Commons
• Mount Pinatubo Mount Pinatubo page
• Fire and Mud. Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, United States Geological Survey site
• Weather effects of the 1991 eruption EOS Volcanology.
• The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. United States Geological Survey site
• Pinatubo, Philippines (volcanic images)
• Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program (GVP) (entry for Pinatubo)