Atmosfera (unit)

Atmosfera
Unit bagiTekanan
Simbolatm 
Penukaran unit
1 atm dalam ...... adalah sama dengan ...
   Unit SI   101.325 kPa
   Unit lazim Amerika Syarikat   14.69595 psi

Atmosfera piawai (simbol: atm) ialah suatu unit tekanan yang ditakrifkan sebagai 101,325 Pa (1.01325 bar). Ia kadangkala digunakan sebagai suatu tekanan rujukan (reference pressure) atau tekanan piawai (standard pressure).

Sejarah

Ia pada asalnya ditakrifkan sebagai tekanan yang diberikan oleh 760 mm hidroargirum pada suhu 0 °C dan bergraviti piawai (g = 9.80665 m/s2).[1] Ia telah digunakan sebagai rujukan keadaan fizik dan kimia, yang tersirat dalam pentakrifan skala Centigrade (kemudian Celsius) dengan penetapan 100 °C sebagai takat didih air pada tekanan ini. Pada tahun 1954, Persidangan Am Timbang dan Ukur ke-10 memutuskan untuk memakai konsep "atmosfera piawai" (atmosphère normale) untuk kegunaan umum dan mengesahkan pemtakrifan tepatnya iaitu 1,013,250 dine per sentimeter persegi (101325 Pa).[2] Hal ini mentakrifkan kedua-dua suhu dan tekanan bebas daripada sifat bahan tertentu bahan. Terdapat adanya salah faham bahawa ia "mendorong beberapa saintis untuk percaya bahawa pentakrifan atmosfera piawai ini hanya sah digunakan untuk pekerjaan termometri yang tepat."

Dalam kimia dan pelbagai industri lain, tekanan rujukan yang disebut dalam "suhu dan tekanan piawai" (STP) biasanya dikira sebanyak 1 atm (101.325 kPa) namun lama-kelamaan menyimpang selepas itu; pada tahun 1982, Kesatuan Kimia Tulen dan Gunaan Antarabangsa (IUPAC) menyarankan agar "tekanan piawai" harus ditetapkan pada 100 kPa (1 bar) untuk tujuan menentukan sifat fizikal bahan.[3]

Unit-unit tekanan dan nilai yang setara

Unit tekanan
Pascal Bar Atmosfera teknikal Atmosfera piawai Torr Paun per inci persegi
(Pa) (bar) (at) (atm) (Torr) (psi)
1 Pa ≡ 1 N/m2 10−5 1.0197×10−5 9.8692×10−6 7.5006×10−3 1.450377×10−4
1 bar 105 ≡ 100 kPa

≡ 106 dyn/sm2

1.0197 0.98692 750.06 14.50377
1 at 9.80665×104 0.980665 ≡ 1 kp/sm2 0.9678411 735.5592 14.22334
1 atm 1.01325×105 1.01325 1.0332 1 760 14.69595
1 Torr 133.3224 1.333224×10−3 1.359551×10−3 ≡ 1/760 ≈ 1.315789×10−3 ≡ 1 Torr

≈ 1 mmHg

1.933678×10−2
1 psi 6.8948×103 6.8948×10−2 7.03069×10−2 6.8046×10−2 51.71493 ≡ 1 lbf /in2

Rujukan

  1. ^ Resnick, Robert; Halliday, David (1960). Physics for Students of Science and Engineering Part 1. New York: Wiley. m/s. 364.
  2. ^ BIPM Definition of the standard atmosphere
  3. ^ IUPAC.org, Gold Book, Standard Pressure

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