Anton Wilhelm Amo

Anton Wilhelm Amo
Lakaran Anton abad ke-18
Kelahiran	c. 1703 Axim, Ghana
Meninggal dunia	c. 1759(1759-00-00) (umur 55–56)
Nama lain	Antonius Guilielmus Amo Afer Anthony William Amo
Latar belakang akademik
Pendidikan	Universiti Helmstedt Universiti Halle Universiti Wittenberg
Gelaran tesis	Disputatio Philosophica continens Ideam Distinctam Eorum quae competunt vel menti vel corpori nostro vivo et organico
Tahun tesis	1734
Sekolah tradisi	Falsafah Barat, rasionalisme
Pengaruh	Descartes John Locke Christian Wolff
Karya akademik
Era	Falsafah kontemporari
Institusi	Universiti Halle Universiti Jena
Pelajar kedoktoran	Johannes Theodosius Meiner
Minat lain	Falsafah minda
Idea terkenal	Sanggahan falsafah minda buah fikiran Descartes[1]

Anton Wilhelm Amo (s. 1703 – 1759) seorang filsuf berbangsa Nzema asal Bolorfo di Ghana moden. Beliau orang berbangsa Afrika pertama yang mengaji pendidkan falsafah di Eropah.^[2]

Biografi ringkas

Beliau dibawa ke Amsterdam oleh Syarikat Hindia Barat Belanda sama ada sebagai hamba ataupun menemani seorang paderi Belanda. Beliau kemudiannya dibawa ke Jerman pada 1707 sebagai hadiah Augustus William and Ludwig Rudolf anak-anak Anthony Ulrich pembesar Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel^[3] yang dilayan seperti ahli keluarga sendiri.

Beliau melanjutkan pengajian di sekolah perundangan Universiti Halle pada 1727, beliau menamatkan tempohnya ini dua tahun kemudian dengan tesis Dissertatio Inauguralis de Jure Maurorum in Europa ("Hujah Ulung Hak Orang Moro Eropah"). Beliau meneruskan pengajian di Universiti Wittenberg mempelajari mantik, metafizik, sejarah malah kaji alam seperti ilmu falak serta bahasa-bahasa asing selain bahasa Belanda dan Jerman yang dikuasainya. Beliau meraih kedoktorannya pada 1734 dengan tesis bahasa Latin Dissertatio inauguralis de humanae mentis [apatheia] ("Hujah Ulung Mengenai Ketiadaan Rasa Dalam Fikiran Manusia") yang mempertanyakan kemungkinan badan yang lebih mampu mencerap rasa berbanding minda.^[4] Beliau diberikan gelaran profesor pada 1736.^[5]

Beliau belayar kembali ke tanah airnya pada 1747.

Peringatan

I de senere år har der været forslag i Tyskland om at opkalde public pladser efter Amo, og i nogle tilfælde er det allerede sket (f.eks. Stuttgart).^[6] Muzium ini masih dibuka kepada orang ramai, seperti "Anton Wilhelm Amo. Mellem verdener" di Wittenberg pada tahun 2024.^[7]

Senarai karya

• Dissertatio inauguralis de iure maurorum in Europa, 1729 (lost). Translated title: Inaugural dissertation on the laws of the Moors in Europe.
• Dissertatio inauguralis philosophica de humanae mentis apatheia, Wittenberg, 1734. Inaugural dissertation on the impassivity of the human mind.
• Disputatio philosophica continens ideam distinctam eorum quae competunt vel menti vel corpori nostro vivo et organico, Wittenberg, 1734 (Ph.D. thesis).^[8] Philosophical discourse presenting ("containing") a distinct idea of what belongs either to the mind or to our living and organic body.
• Tractatus de arte sobrie et accurate philosophandi, 1738. Treatise on the art of philosophising soberly and precisely.

Rujukan

1. Wiredu, Kwasi (2004). "Amo's Critique of Descartes' Philosophy of Mind". In Wiredu, Kwasi: A Companion to African Philosophy. MA, USA, Blackwell Publishing. pp. 200–206.
2. Hochkeppel, Willy (2012). "Der schwarze Philosoph" [Si Filsuf Kulit Hitam]. Damals (dalam bahasa Jerman). No. 12. m/s. 66–69.
3. Loutzenhiser, Mike (17 September 2008). The role of the indigenous African psyche in the evolution of human consciousness. Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse. m/s. xiii. ISBN 978-0595503766.
4. Lewis, Dwight (8 February 2018). "Anton Wilhelm Amo: The African Philosopher in 18th Europe". Blog of the APA (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 4 June 2021.
5. Williams, Scott W. (2005). "ANTON-WILHELM AMO, African Professor in 18th century Germany". Mathemathicians of the African Diaspora. Mathematics Department of State University of New York at Buffalo. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 9 May 2005. Dicapai pada 15 October 2022.
6. https ://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/content.signal-gegen-rassismus-stuttgart-benenennt-nun-doch-einen-platz-nach-anton-wilhelm-amo.b03e1cc2-5ee3-444e-8977-eb002da3e55c. .
7. https://www.wittenberg.de/kultur-tourismus/kultur/börsen/sonderbörse -anton -wilhelm-amo-antara-dunia-/
8. Menn, Stephen; Smith, Justin E. H. (5 September 2020). Anton Wilhelm Amo's Philosophical Dissertations on Mind and Body. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-750162-7. OCLC 1379043206.

Bacaan lanjut

• Abraham, William E. (1996). "The Life and Times of Anton Wilhelm Amo, the first African (black) Philosopher in Europe". Dalam Asante, Molefi Kete; Abarry, Abu S. (penyunting). African Intellectual Heritage. A Book of Sources. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. m/s. 424–440. ISBN 1-5663-9403-1.
• Abraham, William E. (2001). "Amo". Dalam Arrington, Robert L. (penyunting). A Companion to the Philosophers. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22967-1.
• Amo, Anton Wilhelm (1968). Antonius Gvilielmus Amo Afer of Axim in Ghana: Translation of his Works. Halle: Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg.
• Brentjes, Burchhard (1969). "Anton Wilhelm Amo in Halle, Wittenberg, und Jena". Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung (dalam bahasa Jerman). XV: 56–76.
• Firla, Monika (2002). "Anton Wilhelm Amo (Nzema, Rep. Ghana) — Kammermohr, Privatdozent für Philosophie, Wahrsager" [Anton Wilhelm Amo (Nzema, Rep. Ghana) Valet Moor, Private Lecturer of Philosophy, Fortune Teller]. Tribus (dalam bahasa Jerman). 51: 55–90.
• Glötzner, Johannes (2002). "Anton Wilhelm Amo. Ein Philosoph aus Afrika im Deutschland des 18. Jahrhunderts" (dalam bahasa Jerman).
• Glötzner, Johannes (2003). "Der Mohr. Leben, Lieben und Lehren des ersten afrikanischen Doctors der Weltweisheit Anton Wilhelm Amo" (dalam bahasa Jerman).
• Herbjørnsrud, Dag (13 December 2017). Dresser, Sam (penyunting). "The African Enlightenment. The highest ideals of Locke, Hume and Kant were first proposed more than a century earlier by an Ethiopian in a cave". aeon.co. Aeon digital magazine. What if the Enlightenment can be found in places and thinkers that we often overlook? Such questions have haunted me since I stumbled upon the work of the 17th-century Ethiopian philosopher Zera Yacob (1599-1692), also spelled Zära Yaqob.
• King, Peter J. (2004). One Hundred Philosophers. New York: Barron's Educational Books. ISBN 0-7641-2791-8.
• Kwame, Safro, penyunting (1995). "On the Απαθεια of the Human Mind". Readings in African Philosophy: An Akan Collection. University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-9911-7.
• Martin, Peter (1993). "Der schwarze Philosoph" [The black Philosopher]. Dalam Martin, Peter (penyunting). Schwarze Teufel, Edle Mohren [Black Devils, Noble Moors] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Hamburg: Junius. ISBN 3-930908-64-6.
• Smith, Justin E. H. (10 February 2013). "The Enlightenment's 'Race' Problem, and Ours". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 2 November 2023. In 1734, Anton Wilhelm Amo, a West African student and former chamber slave of Duke Anton Ulrich of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, defended a philosophy dissertation at the University of Halle in Saxony, written in Latin and entitled “On the Impassivity of the Human Mind.”

External links

• Amo, Antonius Guigliemus (1734). "Dissertatio inauguralis de humanae mentis apatheia" [On the Impassivity of the Human Mind]. digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de (dalam bahasa Latin). Wittenberg. Dicapai pada 2 November 2023. At the website of the Berlin State Library.
• Lewis, Dwight (February 8, 2018). "Anton Wilhelm Amo: The African Philosopher in 18th Century Europe". blog.apaonline.org. American Philosophical Association. Dicapai pada 2 November 2023. Concise account of Amo's life and work.
• Smith, Justin E. H. (23 September 2012). "Anton Wilhelm Amo. An African Philosopher in the German Enlightenment". theamoproject.org. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 February 2013. Dicapai pada 2 November 2023. Some Early Sources on Amo. Johann Peter von Ludewig (1729): In this very place a baptized Moor by the name of Mister Anton Wilhelm Amo, in the service of His Highness the Duke of Wolfenbüttel, spent some years for the purpose of studying. An extensive archive of materials by and about Amo.