Ahli geografi

The Geographer (1668-69) oleh Johannes Vermeer

Ahli geografi ialah ahli sains fizikal, ahli sains sosial atau humanis yang bidang kajiannya ialah geografi, kajian tentang persekitaran semula jadi Bumi dan masyarakat manusia, termasuk bagaimana masyarakat dan alam berinteraksi. Awalan Yunani geo bermaksud "bumi" dan akhiran Yunani, grafi bermaksud "keterangan", jadi ahli geografi ialah seseorang yang mengkaji bumi.[1] Perkataan "geografi" ialah perkataan Perancis Pertengahan yang dipercayai pertama kali digunakan pada 1540.[2]

Walaupun ahli geografi secara sejarah dikenali sebagai orang yang membuat peta, pembuatan peta sebenarnya adalah bidang kajian kartografi, subset geografi. Ahli geografi tidak hanya mengkaji perincian persekitaran semula jadi atau masyarakat manusia, tetapi mereka juga mengkaji hubungan timbal balik antara kedua-duanya. Sebagai contoh, mereka mengkaji bagaimana persekitaran semula jadi menyumbang kepada masyarakat manusia dan bagaimana masyarakat manusia mempengaruhi persekitaran semula jadi.[3]

Khususnya, ahli geografi fizikal mengkaji persekitaran semula jadi manakala ahli geografi manusia mengkaji masyarakat dan budaya manusia. Sesetengah ahli geografi ialah pengamal GIS (sistem maklumat geografi) dan sering diambil bekerja oleh agensi kerajaan tempatan, negeri dan persekutuan serta di sektor swasta oleh firma alam sekitar dan kejuruteraan.[4]

Lukisan Johannes Vermeer, The Geographer dan The Astronomer kedua-duanya dianggap mewakili pengaruh yang semakin meningkat dan peningkatan dalam penyelidikan saintifik di Eropah pada masa lukisan mereka pada 1668–69.

Bidang kajian

Terdapat tiga bidang pengajian utama, yang dibahagikan lagi: [5]

National Geographic Society mengenal pasti lima tema utama yang luas untuk ahli geografi:[8]

  • interaksi manusia-persekitaran
  • lokasi
  • pergerakan
  • tempat
  • wilayah

Ahli geografi terkenal

Gerardus Mercator

Institusi dan masyarakat

  • Persatuan Ahli Geografi Amerika[9]
  • Persatuan Geografi Amerika[10]
  • Institut Geografi Anton Melik (Slovenia)
  • Gamma Theta Upsilon (antarabangsa)
  • Institut Sistem Maklumat Geografi (Pakistan)
  • Kesatuan Geografi Antarabangsa
  • Persatuan Geografi Karachi (Pakistan)
  • Persatuan National Geographic (AS)[11]
  • Persatuan Geografi Diraja Kanada
  • Persatuan Geografi Diraja Denmark
  • Persatuan Geografi Diraja (UK)[12]
  • Persatuan Geografi Rusia

Rujukan

  1. ^ Arrowsmith, Aaron (1832). "Chapter II: The World". A Grammar of Modern Geography. King's College School. m/s. 20–21. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 Oktober 2021. Dicapai pada 4 Oktober 2021.
  2. ^ "geography (n.)" (Web article). Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. n.d. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 1 Ogos 2017. Dicapai pada 10 Oktober 2018.
  3. ^ Pedley, Mary Sponberg; Edney, Matthew H., penyunting (2020). The History of Cartography, Volume 4: Cartography in the European Enlightenment. University of Chicago Press. m/s. 557–558. ISBN 9780226339221. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 Oktober 2021. Dicapai pada 4 Oktober 2021.
  4. ^ "Geographers : Occupational Outlook Handbook : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Dicapai pada 2021-10-06.
  5. ^ "Three types of Geography" (PDF).
  6. ^ Nel, Etienne (2010-11-23). "The dictionary of human geography, 5th edition - Edited by Derek Gregory, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael J. Watts and Sarah Whatmore". New Zealand Geographer. 66 (3): 234–236. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7939.2010.01189_4.x. ISSN 0028-8144.
  7. ^ Marsh, William M. (2013). Physical geography : great systems and global environments. Martin M. Kaufman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76428-5. OCLC 797965742.
  8. ^ "Geography Education @". Nationalgeographic.com. 24 Oktober 2008. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 7 Februari 2010. Dicapai pada 16 Julai 2013.
  9. ^ Freeman, T. W.; James, Preston E.; Martin, Geoffrey J. (July 1980). "The Association of American Geographers: The First Seventy-Five Years 1904-1979". The Geographical Journal. 146 (2): 298. doi:10.2307/632894. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 632894.
  10. ^ "AGS History". 2009-02-26. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 26 February 2009. Dicapai pada 2021-10-11.
  11. ^ "National Geographic Society". U.S. Department of State. Dicapai pada 2021-10-11.
  12. ^ "Royal Geographical Society - Royal Geographical Society (with IBG)". www.rgs.org. Dicapai pada 2021-10-11.

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