Bumi

Bumi  

"Pualam Biru" foto bumi, diambiak dari Apollo 17
Panamoan
Pangucapan	/en-us-earth.oggˈɜrθ/
Istilah	earthly, tellurian, telluric, terran, terrestrial.
Karakteristik orbit
Jangka wakatu J2000.0[note 1]
Aphelion	152,098,232 km 1.01671388 AU[note 2]
Perihelion	147,098,290 km 0.98329134 AU[note 2]
Sumbu semi-mayor	149,598,261 km 1.00000261 AU[1]
Eksentrisitas	0.01671123[1]
Periode orbit	365.256363004 days[2] 1.000017421 tahun
Kacapatan orbit rato-rato	29.78 km/s[3] 107,200 km/h
Anomali rato-rato	357.51716°[3]
Inklinasi	7.155° dari equator Matohari 1.57869°[4] to invariable plane
Bujua node manaiak	348.73936°[3][note 3]
Argumen perihelion	114.20783°[3][note 4]
Satelit	1 natural (Bulan) 8,300+ artificial (pada 1 Maret 2001 (2001-03-01)^[update])[5]
Karakteristik fisik
Jari-jari rato-rato	6,371.0 km[6]
Jari-jari ekuator	6,378.1 km[7][8]
Radius kutub	6,356.8 km[9]
Kapapatan	0.0033528[10]
Kaliliang	40,075.017 km (equatorial)[8] 40,007.86 km (meridional)[11]
Laweh pamukoan	510,072,000 km^2[12][13][note 5] 148,940,000 km^2 land (29.2 %) 361,132,000 km^2 water (70.8 %)
Volume	1.08321×10^12 km^3[3]
Masso	5.9736×10^24 kg[3]
Masso jenis rato-rato	5.515 g/cm^3[3]
Gravitasi pamukoan ekuator	9.780327 m/s^2[14] 0.99732 g
Kacapatan palapehan	11.186 km/s[3]
Hari sideris	0.99726968 d[15] 23^h 56^m 4.100^s
Kacapatan rotasi	1,674.4 km/h (465.1 m/s)[16]
Kamiriangan sumbu	23°26'21".4119[2]
Albedo	0.367 (geometric)[3] 0.306 (Bond)[3]
Suhu pamukoan    Kelvin    Celsius	min rato-rato max 184 K[17] 287.2 K[18] 331 K[19] -89.2 °C 14 °C 57.8 °C
Atmosfir
Takanan pamukoan	101.325 kPa (MSL)
Komposisi	78.08% Nitrogen (N2)[3] 20.95% oxygen (O2) 0.93% Argon 0.038% Karbon diosida About 1% water vapor (varies with Klimak)

Bumi adolah planet katigo dari matohari, dan marupoan planet nan tapadek jo gadang nan ka limo dari salapan planet di tata surya. Inyo ko juo tamasuak paliang gadang dari nan ampek buah planet terrestrial. Bumi ko dirujuak juo sabagai dunia, planet biru,^[20] atau namo latinnyo, Terra.^{[note 6]}

Bumi ko rumah bagi jutaan spesies, tamasuak manusia, bumi kini ko manjadi satu-satunyo benda astronomi nan di situ ado kehidupan.^[21] Planet ko tabantuak 4.54 billion taun lalu, dan kehidupan muncul di permukaan bumi sekitar satu billion taun.^[22] Adonyo biosfir di bumi nan signifikan maubah atmosfir dan kondisi abiotik lainnyo di bumi, mamungkinkan proliferasi organisme aerobik sarato pambentukan lapisan ozon, basamo jo medan magnet bumi, mahalangi radiasi matohari, sahinggo mamungkinkan adonyo kehidupan di darek.^[23] Sacaro geofisik bumi, misalnyo sajarah geologi dan orbit, mamungkinkan kehidupan lah batahan salamo periode ko. Planet ko dihrapakan dapek taruih batahan untuak mandukuang kehidupan satidaknyo sampai 500 milyar taun lai.^[24][25]

Kronologi

Urang cadiak pandai kini lah mampu marekonstruksi ulang maklumat rinci tantang maso lalu planet ko. Penanggalan awal tabantuaknyo sistem surya ko 4.5672 ± 0.0006 billion taun lalu,^[26] atau 4.54 billion tahun lalu (1% indak pasti)^[22] the Earth and the other planets in the Solar System had formed out of the solar nebula—a disk-shaped mass of dust and gas left over from the formation of the Sun. This assembly of the Earth through accretion was thus largely completed within 10–20 million years.^[27] Initially molten, the outer layer of the planet Earth cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed shortly thereafter, 4.53 billion years ago.^[28]

Catatan

1. All astronomical quantities vary, both secularly and periodically. The quantities given are the values at the instant J2000.0 of the secular variation, ignoring all periodic variations.
2. aphelion = a × (1 + e); perihelion = a × (1 - e), where a is the semi-major axis and e is the eccentricity.
3. The reference lists the longitude of the ascending node as -11.26064°, which is equivalent to 348.73936° by the fact that any angle is equal to itself plus 360°.
4. The reference lists the longitude of perihelion, which is the sum of the longitude of the ascending node and the argument of perihelion. That is, 114.20783° + (-11.26064°) = 102.94719°.
5. Due to natural fluctuations, ambiguities surrounding ice shelves, and mapping conventions for vertical datums, exact values for land and ocean coverage are not meaningful. Based on data from the Vector Map and Global Landcover Archived 2015-03-26 di Wayback Machine. datasets, extreme values for coverage of lakes and streams are 0.6% and 1.0% of the Earth's surface. The ice shields of Antarctica and Greenland are counted as land, even though much of the rock which supports them lies below sea level.
6. By International Astronomical Union convention, the term terra is used only for naming extensive land masses on celestial bodies other than the Earth. Cf. Blue, Jennifer (2007-07-05). "Descriptor Terms (Feature Types)". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS. Diakses tanggal 2007-07-05. 

Rujuakan

1. Standish, E. Myles; Williams, James C. "Orbital Ephemerides of the Sun, Moon, and Planets" (PDF). International Astronomical Union Commission 4: (Ephemerides). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-02-20. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-03. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link) See table 8.10.2. Calculation based upon 1 AU = 149,597,870,700(3) m.
2. Staff (2007-08-07). "Useful Constants". International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service. Diakses tanggal 2008-09-23. 
3. Williams, David R. (2004-09-01). "Earth Fact Sheet". NASA. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-09. 
4. Allen, Clabon Walter; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. Springer. p. 294. ISBN 0-387-98746-0. http://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA294. Diakses pado 13 Maret 2011. 
5. US Space Command (March 1, 2001). "Reentry Assessment - US Space Command Fact Sheet". SpaceRef Interactive. Diakses tanggal 2011-05-07. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
6. Various (2000). David R. Lide. ed. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (edisi ke-81st). CRC. ISBN 0-8493-0481-4. 
7. "Selected Astronomical Constants, 2011". The Astronomical Almanac. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-08-26. Diakses tanggal 2011-02-25. 
8. World Geodetic System (WGS-84). Available online from National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.
9. Cazenave, Anny (1995). "Geoid, Topography and Distribution of Landforms". di dalam Ahrens, Thomas J (PDF). Global earth physics a handbook of physical constants. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. ISBN 0-87590-851-9. http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/5_cazenave.pdf. Diakses pado 3 Agustus 2008. 
10. IERS Working Groups (2003). "General Definitions and Numerical Standards". di dalam McCarthy, Dennis D.; Petit, Gérard. IERS Technical Note No. 32. U.S. Naval Observatory and Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. Diarsipan dari nan asli pada 19 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140419043412/http://www.iers.org/MainDisp.csl?pid=46-25776. Diakses pado 3 Agustus 2008. 
11. Humerfelt, Sigurd (October 26, 2010). "How WGS 84 defines Earth". Diakses tanggal 2011-04-29. 
12. Pidwirny, Michael (2006-02-02). "Surface area of our planet covered by oceans and continents.(Table 8o-1)". University of British Columbia, Okanagan. Diakses tanggal 2007-11-26. 
13. Staff (2008-07-24). "World". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-01-05. Diakses tanggal 2008-08-05. 
14. Yoder, Charles F. (1995). T. J. Ahrens. ed. Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants. Washington: American Geophysical Union. p. 12. ISBN 0-87590-851-9. http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys.html. Diakses pado 17 Maret 2007. 
15. Allen, Clabon Walter; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. Springer. p. 296. ISBN 0-387-98746-0. http://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA296. Diakses pado 17 Agustus 2010. 
16. Arthur N. Cox, ed (2000). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities (edisi ke-4th). New York: AIP Press. p. 244. ISBN 0-387-98746-0. http://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA244. Diakses pado 17 Agustus 2010. 
17. "World: Lowest Temperature". WMO Weather and Climate Extremes Archive. Arizona State University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-06-16. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-07. 
18. Kinver, Mark (December 10, 2009). "Global average temperature may hit record level in 2010". BBC Online. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-22. 
19. "World: Highest Temperature". WMO Weather and Climate Extremes Archive. Arizona State University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-01-04. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-07. 
20. Drinkwater, Mark; Kerr, Yann; Font, Jordi; Berger, Michael (February 2009). "Exploring the Water Cycle of the 'Blue Planet': The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission" (PDF). ESA Bulletin. European Space Agency (137): 6–15. A view of Earth, the ‘Blue Planet’ [...] When astronauts first went into the space, they looked back at our Earth for the first time, and called our home the ‘Blue Planet’. 
21. May, Robert M. (1988). "How many species are there on earth?". Science. 241 (4872): 1441–1449. Bibcode:1988Sci...241.1441M. doi:10.1126/science.241.4872.1441. PMID 17790039. 
22. See:
    • Dalrymple, G.B. (1991). The Age of the Earth. California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1569-6. 
    • Newman, William L. (2007-07-09). "Age of the Earth". Publications Services, USGS. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-20. 
    • Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 190 (1): 205–221. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-20. 
    • Stassen, Chris (2005-09-10). "The Age of the Earth". TalkOrigins Archive. Diakses tanggal 2008-12-30. 
23. Harrison, Roy M. (2002). Causes and Environmental Implications of Increased UV-B Radiation. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-265-2. 
24. Britt, Robert (2000-02-25). "Freeze, Fry or Dry: How Long Has the Earth Got?". Archived from the original on 2009-06-05. Diakses tanggal 2011-07-02. Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link)
25. Carrington, Damian (2000-02-21). "Date set for desert Earth". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-31. 
26. Bowring, S. (1995). "The Earth's early evolution". Science. 269 (5230): 1535. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1535B. doi:10.1126/science.7667634. PMID 7667634.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
27. Yin, Qingzhu; Jacobsen, S. B.; Yamashita, K.; Blichert-Toft, J.; Télouk, P.; Albarède, F. (2002). "A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites". Nature. 418 (6901): 949–952. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..949Y. doi:10.1038/nature00995. PMID 12198540. 
28. Kleine, Thorsten; Palme, Herbert; Mezger, Klaus; Halliday, Alex N. (2005-11-24). "Hf-W Chronometry of Lunar Metals and the Age and Early Differentiation of the Moon". Science. 310 (5754): 1671–1674. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1671K. doi:10.1126/science.1118842. PMID 16308422. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)

Kepustakaan

• Comins, Neil F. (2001). Discovering the Essential Universe (edisi ke-2nd). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-5804-0. Bibcode: 2003deu..book.....C. 

Pautan lua

• Media tantang Bumi di Wikimedia Commons
• USGS Geomagnetism Program
• NASA Earth Observatory
• Audio—Cain/Gay (2007) Astronomy Cast Earth
• Earth Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
• Climate changes cause Earth's shape to change – NASA Archived 2009-01-22 di Wayback Machine.
• The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth Archived 2009-04-30 di Wayback Machine.
• Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation National Climatic Data Center