Bulgaria

Bendera Bulgaria

Bulgaria (Bahaso Bulgaria: България, diromanisasi: Bǎlgariya), sacaro rasmi Republik Bulgaria, adolah sabuah nagara di Eropa Timur. Nagara ko talatak di sisi timur Balkan, sarato babatehan jo Rumania di utara, Serbia jo Makedonia Utara di barat, Yunani jo Turki di selatan, jo Lauik Hitam di timur. Bulgaria mancakuik wilayah salueh 110.994 kilometer persegi, dan marupokan nagara tagadang ka-16 di Eropa.^[1] Ibu kota jo kota tagadangnyo iolah Sofia; kota gadang lainnyo adolah Plovdiv, Varna jo Burgas.

Fitur topografi nagara nan paliang manonjol adolah Dataran Danubian, Pagunungan Balkan, Dataran Thracian, jo Pagunungan Rila-Rhodope. Tapi selatan Dataran Danubian miriang ka ateh ka kaki bukik Balkan, sadangkan Danube mambatehi perbatasan jo Rumania. Dataran Tracian kiro-kiro babantuak sagitigo, dimulai dari tenggara Sofia jo maleba ka pantai Lauik Hitam.^[2] Maingek wilayahnyo nan relatif ketek, Bulgaria punyo iklim nan bavariasi jo kompleks. Nagara ko manampek i bagian paliang selatan dari zona iklim kontanental, sarato area ketek di selatan nan tamasuak dalam zona iklim Mediterania.^[3] Koordinat geografis Bulgaria adolah 43° LU 25° BT.

Bulgaria adolah nagara demokrasi parlementer dimano pardano menteri adolah kapalo pamarentahan jo posisi eksekutif paliang bakuaso. Sadangkan presiden hanyo punyo kuaso nan tabateh.^[4]

Populasi Bulgaria adolah 6.447.710 orang menuruik pakiroan rasmi pamarentah tahun 2022.^[5] Mayoritas penduduak, 72,5%, tingga di daerah perkotaan.^[6] Pado 2019, Sofia adolah pusek kota tapadek jo 1.241.675 urang, diikuti oleh Plovdiv (346.893), Varna (336.505), Burgas (202.434) jo Ruse (142.902).^[7]

Rujukan

1. Penin, Rumen (2007) (dalam bahaso bg). Природна география на България. Bulvest 2000. p. 18. ISBN 978-954-18-0546-6. 
2. "Explore all countries–". World Fact Book. Diakses tanggal 3 Juni 2023. 
3. Donchev & Karakashev 2004, p. 52
4. Library of Congress 2006.
5. "Population and demographic processes in 2022" (PDF). 
6. NSI Census data 2011.
7. NSI Census data 2017.

Bibliografi

• Население по области, общини, местоживеене и пол [Population by Province, Municipality, Address and Sex as of 31 December 2017] (dalam bahasa Bulgaria). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 2017. Diakses tanggal 22 July 2018. 
• Преброяване 2011 (окончателни данни) [Final Results of the 2011 census] (PDF) (dalam bahasa Bulgaria). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 22 December 2018. Diakses tanggal 22 July 2018.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
• "Bulgaria 2018" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Bulgaria and Inggris). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 2018. Diakses tanggal 23 July 2018. 
• Country Profile: Bulgaria. Library of Congress. 1 Januari 2006. https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Bulgaria.pdf. Diakses pado 1 April 2016. 
• "State of Health in the EU. Country Health Profile: Bulgaria 2017" (PDF). European Commission. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2022-10-09. Diakses tanggal 20 May 2018.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
• Bell, John (1998). Bulgaria in Transition: Politics, Economics, Society, and Culture after Communism. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-9010-9. 
• Chen, Sanping (2012). Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812243703. //books.google.com/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC. 
• Crampton, R. J. (1987). A Short History of Modern Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521253406. //books.google.com/books?id=iL06AAAAIAAJ. 
• Crampton, R. J. (2005). A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-61637-9. //books.google.com/books?id=Ylz4fe7757cC. 
• Crampton, R. J. (2007). Bulgaria. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954158-4. 
• Curtis, Glenn E.; Mitova, Pamela; Marsteller, William; Soper, Karl Wheeler (1992). Country Study: Bulgaria. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/93010955/. Diakses pado 6 Agustus 2018. 
  • "Historical Setting". Chapter 1. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0013). Diakses pado 4 Desember 2011. 
  • "The First Golden Age". Chapter 1. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0016). Diakses pado 13 Oktober 2012. 
  • "The Final Move to Independence". The Bulgarian Independence Movement. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0032). Diakses pado 4 Desember 2011. 
  • "San Stefano, Berlin, and Independence". The Bulgarian Independence Movement. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0033). Diakses pado 4 Desember 2011. 
  • "Bulgaria in World War II: The Passive Alliance". World War II. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0052). Diakses pado 4 Desember 2011. 
  • "Wartime Crisis". World War II. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0053). Diakses pado 4 Desember 2011. 
  • "The Soviet Occupation". World War II. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0054). Diakses pado 27 Juli 2018. 
  • "After Stalin". Communist Consolidation. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0059). Diakses pado 24 April 2012. 
  • "Domestic Policy and Its Results". Communist Consolidation. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0062). Diakses pado 4 Desember 2011. 
  • "Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s". The Zhivkov Era. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0066). Diakses pado 4 Desember 2011. 
  • "The Political Atmosphere in the 1970s". The Zhivkov Era. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0068). Diakses pado 4 Desember 2011. 
  • "Bulgaria in the 1980s". The Zhivkov Era. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0069). Diakses pado 27 Juli 2018. 
  • "Topography". The Society and its Environment. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0072). Diakses pado 4 Desember 2011. 
  • "Climate". The Society and its Environment. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0074). Diakses pado 4 Desember 2011. 
  • "The Economy". Chapter 3. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0102). Diakses pado 4 Desember 2011. 
  • "Resource Base". The Economy. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0103). Diakses pado 4 Desember 2011. 
  • "Government and Politics". Chapter 4. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0149). Diakses pado 4 Desember 2011. 
  • "Arms Sales". National Security. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0225). Diakses pado 4 Desember 2011. 
  • "Military Personnel". National Security. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0216). Diakses pado 20 Desember 2011. 
• Ghodsee, Kristen R. (2011). Lost in Transition: Ethnographies of Everyday Life After Communism. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822351023. https://archive.org/details/lostintransition00ghod. 
• Ghodsee, Kristen R. (2009). Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria. Princeton University Press. 
• Ghodsee, Kristen R. (2005). The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism and Postsocialism on the Black Sea. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822336624. https://archive.org/details/redrivieragender0000ghod. 
• Golden, Peter Benjamin (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447032742. https://www.academia.edu/12545004. 
• Templat:Cite EB1922
• MacDermott, Mercia (1998). Bulgarian Folk Customs. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 19, 64–70, 226. ISBN 978-1853024863. //books.google.com/books?id=gh4IE6toGJMC. 
• Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-14-4435-163-7. //books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC. 
• Дончев (Donchev), Дончо (Doncho); Каракашев (Karakashev), Христо (Hristo) (2004) (dalam bahaso bg). Теми по физическа и социално-икономическа география на България (Topics on Physical and Social-Economic Geography of Bulgaria). София (Sofia): Ciela. ISBN 954-649-717-7.