Lūisa skābes un bāzes

Amonija jona veidošanās no amonjaka (Lūisa bāzes) un ūdeņraža katjona (Lūisa skābes)

Lūisa skābes ir molekulas vai joni, kam ir brīvas orbitāles un kas var piesaistīt citas molekulas vai jona nedalīto elektronu pāri, veidojot adukta tipa savienojumus. Saskaņā ar Gilberta Lūisa (Gilbert Newton Lewis) izveidoto teoriju ķīmisko saiti veido kopīgi elektronu pāri, kas aizpilda atomu ārējos elektronu apvalkus tā, lai atomu elektronu konfigurācijas atbilstu inerto gāzu elektronu konfigurācijām (oktetu likums).

Lūisa skābes var būt kā neitrālas molekulas, tā arī katjoni. Piemēram, ūdeņraža katjons jeb protons iedarbojas ar tādām molekulām kā ūdens vai amonjaka molekulas, kam ir nedalīti elektronu pāri un kas šajā gadījumā ir Lūisa bāzes. Šādas iedarbības rezultātā veidojas hidroksonija vai amonija katjoni:

H+ + H2O → H3O+
H+ + NH3 → NH4+

Tipiskas Lūisa skābes ir nemetālu vai amfotēru metālu halogenīdi, kas veido kompleksus anjonus ar tādām Lūisa bāzēm kā halogenīdjoni:

FeCl3 + Cl− → [FeCl4]−
SiF4 + 2F− → [SiF6]2−

Lūisa bāzes ir molekulas vai joni, kam ir nedalīts elektronu pāris. Lūisa bāzes var atdot 2 elektronus Lūisa skābēm, lai izveidotu savstarpēju kovalento saiti. Radušos adukta tipa savienojumus sauc arī par Lūisa savienojumiem.

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