Romėnų triumfas

Tito Arkos Romoje fragmentas, vaizduojantis Tito triumfą Jeruzalės užgrobimo ir pergalės Romėnų – Žydų kare garbei

Romėnų triumfas (triumphus) – Senovės Romos religinė – pilietinė ceremonija, rengiama viešai atšvęsti ir pašventinti karvedžio karinius pasiekimus po svarbios pergalės kare. Tai turėdavo būti iš tiesų labai svarbi pergalė, dažniausiai – viso karo laimėjimas.

Triumfo dieną karvedys, lydymas neginkluotos savo armijos, važiuodavo karo vežimu Romos gatvėmis iki Jupiterio šventyklos ant Kapitolijaus kalvos, kur dievui paaukodavo dalį savo pergalės grobio. Triumfo procesijoje taip pat būdavo vežamas ir žmonėms rodomas rinktinis karo grobis. Nuo tada karvedys visam gyvenimui gaudavo triumfatoriaus (triumphator, anksčiau – vir triumphalis) titulą. Po mirties, per jo ir vėliau jo giminių laidotuves, triumfatorių pagal tradiciją atstovaudavo samdytas aktorius su mirties kauke ir purpurine toga (toga picta).

Romos laikų moralė triumfo procesijoje iš triumfatoriaus reikalavo tam tikro nusižeminimo. Triumfatorius turėjo suprasti, kad savo pergales pasiekė Romos piliečių, senato ir dievų padedamas ir jų labui. Tačiau triumfas buvo labai svarbus žingsnis siekiant karjeros ir populiarumo. Vėlyvosios respublikos laikotarpiu triumfai būdavo vis prašmatnesni, trukdavo net kelias dienas, su nemokamomis vaišėmis žiūrovams ir kitomis pramogomis. Taip pat, jie būdavo vis dažnesni, nes jų reikšmę karjerai supratę karvedžiai triumfų reikalaudavo vis dažniau, už vis menkesnius pasiekimus.

Ceremonijos kilmė nėra žinoma. Po Romos žlugimo tradicija buvo perimta ir panašios ceremonijos buvo tęsiamos įvairiose kitose šalyse.

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