Vector Laplace–Runge–Lenz

Vector Laplace–Runge–Lenz (vel brevius vector LRL) in mechanica classica est vector quo, inter alia, forma et orientatio orbitae unius corporis caelestis circa aliud, ut planetae circa stellam, describitur. Duobus corporibus per gravitatem Newtonianam inter se agentibus, vector LRL est constans motus, hoc est, idem est ubicumque in orbita computatur;[1] aliis verbis, vector LRL conservari dicitur. Generalius, vector LRL conservatur in omnibus quaestionibus, in quibus duo corpora inter se agunt vi centrali quae variatur ut quadratum inversum distantiae inter ea; tales quaestiones Keplerianae appellantur.[2]

Alia quaestio Kepleriana est atomus hydrogenii, quia continet duas particulas positive oneratas, quae inter se agunt per legem Coulombianam electrostaticae, aliae vis centralis quadrati inversi. Vector LRL maximi momenti fuit in prima deductione per mechanicam quanticam spectri atomi hydrogenii,[3] ante inventionem aequationis Schrödingerianae. Haec autem ratio raro hodie adhibetur.

In mechanica classica et quantica, quantitates conservatae plerumque systematis symmetriae respondent. Conservatio vectoris LRL systemati symmetriae insolitae respondet; quod ad mathematicam attinet problema Keplerianum aequivalet particulae quae in superficie (hyper-)sphaerae quattuor dimensionum movet,[4] itaque totum problema est symmetricum sub certis rotationibus spatii quattuor dimensionum.[5] Haec symmetria superior ex duabus proprietatibus problematis Keplariani procedit: vector velocitatis semper in circulo perfecto movet et, energia tota data, omnes tales circuli velocitatis in eisdem duobus punctis inter se secunt.[6]

Vector Laplace–Runge–Lenz ex Petro Simone Laplace, Carolo Runge, ac Gulielmo Lenz nominatur, quorum autem nullus eum primum invenit. Vector enim compluries iterum inventus est.[7] Mechanicae caelestis vectori eccentricitatis sine dimensionum aequivalet.[8] Variae definitiones generaliores vectoris LRL factae sunt, quae effectus relativitatis specialis, camporum electromagneticorum, atque variorum generum virum centralium incorporant.

Notae

  1. Goldstein, H. (1980). Classical Mechanics (2nd ed.). Addison Wesley. pp. 102–105, 421–422 
  2. Arnold, VI (1989). Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 38. ISBN 0-387-96890-3 
  3. Pauli, W (1926). "Über das Wasserstoffspektrum vom Standpunkt der neuen Quantenmechanik". Zeitschrift für Physik 36: 336–363 
  4. Fock, V (1935).
  5. Bargmann, V (1936).
  6. Hamilton, WR (1847).
  7. Goldstein, H. (1975). "Prehistory of the Runge–Lenz vector". American Journal of Physics 43: 737–738 
    Goldstein, H. (1976). "More on the prehistory of the Runge–Lenz vector". American Journal of Physics 44: 1123–1124 
  8. Hamilton, WR (1847). "Applications of Quaternions to Some Dynamical Questions". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 3: Appendix III 

Nexus interni

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