Pontus Euxinus

Tabula Ponti Euxini (Maris Nigri).
Vide etiam paginam discretivam: Pontus.

Pontus Euxinus[1] (Graece Εύξεινος Πόντος, Mare Hospitale) vel Pontus tantum, sive Mare Scythicum et Mare Nigrum[2], est mare ab Europa, Anatolia, et Caucaso finitum, quod ad Oceanum Atlanticum via maribus Mediterraneo et Aegaeo et variis fretis adligatur. Fretum Bosporus, situs Byzantii, antiquissimae civitatis Graecae, Pontum ad Propontidem adligat, et fretum Hellespontus illud mare ad regionem Mare Aegaeum Mediterranei conectit. Hae aquae Europam Orientalem et Asiam Occidentalem separant. Pontus praeterea ad Paludem Maeotidem a Bosporo Cimmerio adligat.

Pontus Euxinus (Mare Nigrum) Bathy in urbe GeorgiaGeorgiana.

Pontus Euxinus aream plus quam 422 milia chm², volumen autem circa 555 milia chm³ habet. Maxima huius maris altitudo est 2210 metra, mediocris 1240 metra.

Villa prisca, Nidus Hirundinis vocata, in paeninsula Crimaea.

Inter flumina quae in Pontum defluunt sunt Asiaces[3], Borysthenes (Danapris), Enguri[4], Halys, Hister, Hypanis, Ingulus, Sangarius, Phasis, Tyras, et alia.

Insulis magnis Pontus caret, praeter linguas terrae, sinus a mari seiungentes (sicut Dromos Achilleos et Cephalonesos); ex insularum parvarum numero Achillea insula in parte maris septentrio-occidentali memoranda est.

De nomine

De nomine antiquissimo

Pontus Euxinus in Euripidea Iphigenia Taurica pontus Axinus (ἄξεινος, inhospitalis) appellatur.[5] Hoc est mare sine hospitibus, mare quod hospites non recipit, mare hospitibus infestumː quod optime cum argumento tragoediae congruit. Quod nomen antiquissimum nomen Graecum fuisse creditur, et postea in Euxinum ("hospitibus amicus") infausti ominis vitandi causa mutatum esse. Nam axinus translitteratio Graeca verbi Iranici[6] esse videtur, quod cyaneum[7] colorem designabat (sensus 'mare inhospitale' ex etymologia populari natus est)[8].

De nominibus hodiernis

Hodierna maris nomina plerumque 'Mare Nigrum' significant, ut in civitatibus quae mare adiacent:[9]

  • Abasgice Амшын Еиқәа (liiteris Latinis Amʂən Eikʰʷa, Abecedario Phonetico Internationali ɑmʂɨn ɛjkʷʰɑ)
  • Adygeice Хы шӏуцӏэ (Xı ṩʔutsʔə, xə ʃʼəw.t͡sʼa)
  • Armenice Սեւ ծով (Sev tsov, sɛv t͡sɔv)
  • Bulgarice Черно море (Černo more, t͡ʃɛrno moˈrɛ)
  • Dacoromanice Marea Neagră (ˈmare̯a ˈne̯aɡrə)
  • Georgiane შავი ზღვა (shavi zghva, ʃɑvi zɣvɑ)
  • Lazice et Mingrelice უჩა ზუღა (Ucha Zugha, utʃɑ zuɣɑ), vel breviter ზუღა (Zugha, zuɣɑ, i.e. "Mare")
  • Russice Чёрное мо́рe (Čjornoje móre,ˈtɕornəjə ˈmorʲə)
  • Tatarice Taurice Къара денъиз (Qara deñiz, qɑrɑ deŋiz)
  • Turcice Karadeniz (kaˈɾadeniz)
  • Ucrainice Чорне море (Čorne more, ˈtʃɔrnɛ ˈmɔrɛ)

Quae autem nomina in litteris ante saeculo tertio decimo non inveniuntur.[10]

In Graecia, Mare Euxinum, nomen historicum, cui est altera significatio, iam late adhibetur:

  • Neograece Eύξεινος Πόντος (litteris Latinis Eúxinos Póndos, Abecedario Phonetico Internationaliˈefksinos ˈpondos); nomen Neograecum Μαύρη Θάλασσα (Mávri Thálassa, ˈmavri ˈθalasa), lit. "Mare Nigrum", etiam adhibetur, sed minime.

De gentibus olim circumiacentibus

Gentes et regna, quae in litoribus Ponti florebant, tam permulta erant, ut vix enumerari possint. Antiquitus Thraces occidentale litus Ponti colebant, Scythae Taurique septentrionale, Abasgi et Colchi orientale, Phryges aliaeque Asiaeque Minoris gentes meridianum. Millennio primo a.C.n., permultae coloniae Graecae Pontu circumcingentes deductae sunt. Urbium Graecarum in litore Asiatico Heraclea Pontica, Sinope, Trapezus, Cerasus nominandae sunt, in litore Thracico Salmydessus, Mesembria, Odessus, Tomis, in Scythia Tyras, Olbia Pontica, Tanais, Bata, Gorgippia, in Tauride Chersonesus Taurica, Cercinitis, Calos Limen, Panticapaeum, in Caucasico litore Bathys Limen, Phasis, Dioscurias.

Imperia Romanum, Byzantinum, Ottomanicum, Russicum litora Ponti possidebant. Hodie litus meridianum Turcicum est, occidentale Bulgaricum et Romanicum, septentrionale Ucrainicum et Russicum, orientale Abasgicum et Georgianum.

Notae

  1. Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus, Lexicon universale (1698) ~, t. III, p. 840.
  2. J. G. Th. Graesse, Orbis Latinus (Dresdae: Schönfeld, 1861; 1909. Brunsvici, 1972, 3 voll.) 1 2 3
  3. Vulgo Tiligul; Pomponii Melae Chorographia II 7; vel Axiaces, — Plinii Hist. nat. II 230, IV 82; Alexii Scatebrani Initia eloquentiae Latinae (Солопов А.И. Начала латинской стилистики. М., 2008), p. 561.
  4. G.H. Lünemann, Descriptio Caucasi, pp. 34, 43.
  5. Versus 218, 395, et passim alias. Confer Plinium Maiorem VI.1ː Pontus Euxinus, antea ab inhospitali feritate Axinus appellatus.
  6. Sermo Scytharum Iranicus erat.
  7. Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 393.
  8. E. Boisacq, "Le nom de la mer Noire en grec ancien," Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire, 1924ː 315–17.
  9. Özhan Öztürk (2005). Karadeniz Ansiklopedik Sözlük. Constantinopoli: Heyamola Yayınları. pp. 617–20 .
  10. Schmitt 1989: 310–13.

Bibliographia

  • Ascherson, Neal. 1996. Black Sea. Vintage. ISBN 0-09-959371-8.
  • Dimitrov, Petko, et Dimitar Dimitrov. 2004. The Black Sea, the Flood an the Ancient Myths. Varna.
  • Ghervas, Stella. 2008. Odessa et les confins de l'Europe: un éclairage historique. In Lieux d'Europe: Mythes et limites, ed. Stella Ghervas et François Rosset. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme. ISBN 978-2-7351-1182-4.
  • King, Charles.2004. The Black Sea: A History. ISBN 0-19-924161-9.
  • Ryan, William, et Walter Pitman. 1999. Noah's Flood. ISBN 0-684-85920-3.
  • Öztürk, Özhan. 2005. Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük. (Mare Nigrum: Dictionarium Encyclopaedicum.) 2 voll. Istanbul: Heyamola Publishing. ISBN 975-6121-00-9.
  • Schmitt, Rüdiger. 1996. Considerations on the Name of the Black Sea. In Hellas und der griechische Osten, 219–24. Saarbrücken.
  • West, Stephanie. 2003. "The Most Marvellous of All Seas:The Greek Encounter with the Euxine." Greece & Rome 50 (2): 51–167.
  • Агбунов М. В., Античная лоция Чёрного моря. — Мoscuae: Наука, 1987.
  • Кузьминская Г. Г. Чёрное море. — Краснодар: Кн. изд-во, 1972.
  • Сорокин Ю. И. Чёрное море: Природа, ресурсы. — Мoscuae: Наука, 1982.
  • Степанов В., Андреев В. Чёрное море. — Л. : Гидрометеоиздат, 1981.
  • Филиппов Д. М. Циркуляция и структура вод Чёрного моря. — Мoscuae: Наука, 1968.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Pontum Euxinum spectant.
Situs geographici et historici: Locus: 43°24′36″N 34°15′36″E • OpenStreetMap • GeoNames • Thesaurus Getty • Pleiades • Store norske Lexikon


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