Citrus

Citrus × sinensis cum fructibus floribusque

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Plantae

Ordo : Sapindales 
Familia : Rutaceae 
Subfamilia : Aurantioideae 
Tribus : Citreae 
Genus : Citrus 
L.

   

Malum paradisi

Citrus (-i, f.) (a nomine Graeco ἡ κέδρος, i.e. "cedrus") est genus arborum fructiferarum in familia Rutacearum. Genus a Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum est.^[1]

De nomine

Apud antiquos "citrus" designabat duas species plantarum satis inter se dissimilium: arborem Africam, nomine scientifico Tetraclinis articulata, cuius lignum fragrans, citrum nominatum, multi aestimabatur ad supellectilem faciendam; arboremque fructiferam quae etiam malus Medica appellabatur, cuique nunc binomen Citrus medica imponitur.^[2] A saeculo fere tertio decimo, postquam aliae quoque plantae cognatae in Europa cognitae sunt, nomen citrus ad eas omnibus nonnumquam translatum est. Dehinc id nomen Carolus Linnaeus anno 1753 omni huic generi adiudicavit.^[1]

De origine generis et specierum

Species generis Citri spontaneae crescunt per regionem satis magnam Australasiaticam, occidentem versus ab India orientali incipientes, orientem versus usque ad Sericam et Iaponiam necnon Philippinas insulas, meridiem versus usque in Novam Guineam Australiamque florentes. Inter species huius generis facillime et crebrissime hybridae gignuntur, quorum nonnulli fructús hominibus perutiles et valde gratos producunt.

Genus usque eo singulum in sex divisit Gualterus Tennyson Swingle, qui Poncirus Raf. accepit atque e novo constituit Clymenia, Fortunella et anno 1915 e speciebus Australianis Eremocitrus, Microcitrus.^[3] Genus Papeda Hassk. Swingle in subgenus Citri convertit. Quae subdivisiones, suadentibus iam diu Burkill recenterque Mabberley, in Citrum coniungendae sunt.^[4]

Index specierum et hybridarum

Taberna citrorum Pompeiana

Species (cum synonymis selectis)

• Citrus cavaleriei (C. ichangensis)
• Citrus hystrix sive papeda (C. kerrii, C. macroptera)
• Citrus maxima (C. decumana, C. grandis)
• Citrus medica sive malum Medicum
• Citrus micrantha
• Citrus reticulata sive tangerina (C. tachibana)
• Citrus trifoliata (Poncirus trifoliata)
• Citrus japonica sive fortunella (Fortunella spp.)
• Citrus swinglei (F. polyandra, C. polyandra)
• Citrus halimii
• Citrus glauca (Eremocitrus glauca, Atalantia glauca)
• Citrus australasica (Microcitrus australasica)
• Citrus australis (Microcitrus australis)
• Citrus garrawayi (C. garrawayae, M. garrawayi)
• Citrus gracilis
• Citrus inodora (M. inodora)
• Citrus warburgiana (M. warburgiana)
• Citrus wintersii (M. papuana)

Hybridae (cum origine)

• Citrus × aurantium (Sour Orange Group), Latine "Aurantium" (hybrida C. maxima × C. reticulata)
  • (Sweet Orange Group), Latine "Malum Sinense", apud nonnullos C. × sinensis (hybrida C. × aurantium × C. reticulata)
  • (Grapefruit Group), Latine "Malum paradisi", apud nonnullos C. × paradisi (hybrida C. × sinensis × C. maxima)
  • (Bergamot Group), Latine "Bergamia" (hybrida C. × aurantium × C. limon (?))
• Citrus × limon, Latine "Limon" (hybrida C. medica × C. × aurantium)
• Citrus × limonia^(en) (hybrida C. reticulata × C. medica)
• Citrus × aurantiifolia, Latine "Lumia" (hybrida C. medica × C. hystrix (?))
  • Citrus × latifolia (hybrida C. × aurantiifolia × C. × limon (?))
  • (Limetta Group) (hybrida C. × aurantiifolia × C. maxima (?))
• Citrus × microcarpa vel C. × mitis sive calamondin (hybrida C. japonica × C. reticulata)
• Citrus × jambhiri vel C. otaitensis vel C. taitensis sive rough lemon (hybrida C. medica × C. reticulata et fortasse × C. × limon)
• Citrus × junos sive yuzu (hybrida C. cavaleriei × C. maxima (?))
• Citrus × webberi (hybrida C. cavaleriei × C. × aurantium (?))
• Citrus × insitorum sive citrange (hybrida C. trifoliata × C. × aurantium)
• Citrus × georgiana sive citrangequat (hybrida C. × insitorum × C. japonica)
• Citrus × floridana sive limequat (hybrida C. × aurantiifolia × C. japonica)
• Citrus × clementina (hybrida C. × sinensis × C. reticulata)
• Citrus × tangelo (hybrida C. × paradisi × C. reticulata)

Notae

1. Carolus Linnaeus, Species plantarum (1753) vol. 2 pp. 782-783
2. Lewis & Short, A Latin Dictionary, lemma citrus
3. W. T. Swingle in J. Wash. Acad. Sci. vol. 5 (1915) p. 570
4. Burkill (1931); Mabberley (1998) pp. 334-336

Bibliographia

Fontes antiquiores

• 1178 : Han Yanzhi, Julu (Michael J. Hagerty, interpr.; Paul Pelliot, ed., "Han Yen-chih's Chü lu: monograph on the oranges of Wên-chou, Chekiang" in T'oung Pao 2a ser. vol. 22 [1923] pp. 63-96 (Anglice, Francogallice) JSTOR)
• 1551 : Nicolaus Monardes; Carolus Clusius, interpr., "De aurantiis", aliter "De citriis, aurantiis, ac limoniis". Editio 1551 apud MDZ Editio 1605 apud GDZ
• 1561 : Conradus Gesnerus, "De hortis Germaniae" in Valerius Cordus, Annotationes in Dioscoridis ... [etc.] (1561) f. 267a
• 1646 : Ioannes Baptista Ferrarius, Hesperides, sive, De malorum aureorum cultura et usu libri quatuor. Romae: Scheus, 1646 (Latine) Textus apud archive.org
• 1708 : Johann Christoph Volkamer, Nürnbergische Hesperides. Norimbergae: Endter, 1708 (Theodisce) Textus
• 1714 : Johann Christoph Volkamer, Continuation der Nürnbergischen Hesperidum. Norimbergae, 1714 (Theodisce) (Textus apud Google Books)
• 1741 : Georgius Everhardus Rumphius, Herbarium Amboinense (Amstelaedami: Chanquion, 1741-1750) vol. 2 tabb. 24-35 et pp. 95-116 Textus
• 1811 : Giorgio Gallesio, Traité du citrus. 1811 (Francogallice) Textus apud archive.org

Generalia

• Giovanni Dugo, Angelo Di Giacomo, edd., Citrus: the genus Citrus. Londinii: Taylor & Francis, 2002 (Anglice) (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
• Peter Hanelt, ed, Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (Springer, 2001) pp. 1014-1035 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
• Michael J. Hagerty, interpr.; Paul Pelliot, ed., "Han Yen-chih's Chü lu: monograph on the oranges of Wên-chou, Chekiang" in T'oung Pao 2a ser. vol. 22 (1923) pp. 63-96 (Anglice, Francogallice) JSTOR
• I. A. Khan, ed., Citrus genetics, breeding, and biotechnology. Wallingford: CAB International, 2007 (Anglice)
• David J. Mabberley, Citrus (Rutaceae): a review of recent advances in etymology, systematics and medical applications in Blumea vol. 49 (2004) pp. 486-498
• Walter Reuther, Herbert John Webber, Leon Dexter Batchelor, edd., The Citrus Industry, vol. 1: History, World Distribution, Botany, and Varieties. 2a ed. Riverside: University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, 1967 (Anglice) Versio interretialis
• Walter Reuther, Leon Dexter Batchelor, Herbert John Webber, edd., The Citrus Industry, vol. 2: Anatomy, Physiology, Genetics, and Reproduction. 2a ed. Riverside: University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, 1968 (Anglice) Versio interretialis
• Joseph Antoine Risso, Pierre Antoine Poiteau, Histoire naturelle des orangers. Lutetiae: Audot, 1818-1822 (Francogallice) (Textus apud Google Books)
• J. Saunt, Citrus varieties of the world. An illustrated guide. Norvici: Sinclair International, 1990. ISBN 1-872960-00-6 (Anglice) Recensio
• Tong Kwee Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. Vol. 4: Fruits (Berolini: Springer, 2012) pp. 619-870 (Anglice) (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)

De origine et natura specierum hybridarumque

• Edson Freitas de Araújo, Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz, Marcos Antônio Machado. 2003. What is Citrus? Taxonomic implications from a study of cp-DNA evolution in the tribe Citreae (Rutaceae subfamily Aurantioideae). Organisms Diversity & Evolution 3(1): 55-62.
• H. C. Barrett, A. M. Rhodes, "A Numerical Taxonomic Study of Affinity Relationships in Cultivated Citrus and Its Close Relatives" in Systematic Botany vol. 1 (1976) pp. 105-136 (Anglice) JSTOR
• Randall J. Bayer, David J. Mabberley, Cynthia Morton, Cathy H. Miller, Ish K. Sharma, Bernard E. Pfeil, Sarah Rich, Roberta Hitchcock, Steve Sykes, "A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences" in American Journal of Botany vol. 96 (2009) pp. 668-685 (Anglice)
• I. H. Burkill, "An enumeration of the species of Paramignya, Atalantia and Citrus found in Malaya" in Gardeners' Bulletin, Straits Settlements vol. 5 (1931) pp. 212–220
• C. T. Federici, D. Q. Fang, R. W. Scora, M. L. Roose, "Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Citrus (Rutaceae) and related genera as revealed by RFLP and RAPD analysis" in Theoretical and Applied Genetics vol. 96 (1998) pp. 812-822 (Anglice) Epitome
• C.T. Federici, M. L. Roose, R. W. Scora, "RFLP analysis of the origin of Citrus bergamia, Citrus jambhiri, and Citrus limonia" in Acta Hort. (ISHS) no. 535 (2000) pp. 55-64 (Anglice)
• Andres Garcia-Lor, Franck Curk, Hager Snoussi-Trifa, Raphael Morillon, Gema Ancillo, François Luro, Luis Navarro, Patrick Ollitrault, "A nuclear phylogenetic analysis: SNPs, indels and SSRs deliver new insights into the relationships in the ‘true citrus fruit trees’ group (Citrinae, Rutaceae) and the origin of cultivated species" in Annals of Botany vol. 111 (2013) pp. 1-19 (Anglice)
• Xiaomeng Li, Rangjin Xie, Zhenhua Lu, Zhiqin Zhou, "The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints" in Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science vol. 135 (2010) pp. 341-350 (Anglice)
• A. I. Luss, "Pomerantsevje Japonii i sosednikh stran jugovostochnoi Azii' in Bulletin of applied botany, genetics and plant breeding vol. 26 (1931) pp. 141-240 (Russice)
• David J. Mabberley, "Australian Citreae with notes on other Aurantioideae (Rutaceae)" in Telopea vol. 7 (1998) pp. 333–344 (Anglice)
• D. J. Mabberley, "A classification for edible Citrus (Rutaceae)" in Telopea vol. 7 (1997) pp. 167–172 (Anglice)
• E. Nicolosi, Z. N. Deng, A. Gentile, S. La Malfa, G. Continella, E. Tribulato, "Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers" in Theoretical and Applied Genetics vol. 100 (2000) pp. 1155-1166 (Anglice) Epitome
• X. Pang, C. Hu, X. Deng, "Phylogenetic relationships within Citrus and its related genera as inferred from AFLP markers" in Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution vol. 54 (2007) pp. 429-436 (Anglice) Epitome
• T. Penjor, T. Anai, Y. Nagano, R. Matsumoto, M. Yamamoto, "Phylogenetic relationships of Citrus and its relatives based on rbcL gene sequences" in Tree Genetics and Genomes vol. 6 (2010) pp. 931-939 (Anglice) Epitome
• Zoey Poll, "Where the Rare Citrus Grows: for French chefs and perfumers, a government-run grove on Corsica — home to some 900 varieties — has become a place of pilgrimage" in New York Times (18/24 Februarii 2021)
• Rainer W. Scora, "On the History and Origin of Citrus" in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club vol. 102 (1975) pp. 369-375 (Anglice) JSTOR
• Rainer W. Scora, "Biochemistry, taxonomy and evolution of modern cultivated Citrus" in R. Goren. K. Mendel, edd., Proceedings of the 6th International Citrus Congress (Rehovot: Balaban Publishers, 1988) pp. 277-289 (Anglice)
• Guohong Albert Wu et al., "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus" in Nature (7 Februarii 2018)
• Zhang Dianxiang, David J. Mabberley, "CITRUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 782. 1753" in Flora of China vol. 11 (2008) pp. 90–96 (Anglice)

De historia

• A. C. Andrews, "Acclimatization of citrus fruits in the Mediterranean region" in Agricultural history vol. 35 (1961) pp. 35-46 (Anglice) JSTOR
• Dorian Q Fuller et al., "Charred pummelo peel, historical linguistics and other tree crops: approaches to framing the historical context of early Citrus cultivation in East, South and Southeast Asia" in Véronique Zech-Matterne, Girolamo Fiorentino, edd., AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean (Neapoli: Centre Jean Bérard, 2018) alibi
• Dafna Langgut, "The Citrus Route Revealed: From Southeast Asia into the Mediterranean" in HortScience vol. 52 (2017) pp. 814-822 Epitome
• A. Weisskopf, D. Q. Fuller, "Citrus fruits: origins and development" in C. Smith, ed., Encyclopedia of global archaeology (Novi Eboraci: Springer, 2013) pp. 1479–1483
• Véronique Zech-Matterne, Girolamo Florentino, edd., AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean. Neapoli, 2017; OpenEdition Books, 2018 Textus

De usu

• Giovanni Dugo, Luigi Mondello, edd., Citrus Oils. CRC Press, 2010 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
• A. A. Farooqi, Z. Wang, S. Hasnain, R. Attar, A. Aslam, Q. Mansoor, M. Ismail, "Citrus fruits and their bioactive ingredients: leading four horsemen from front" in Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention vol. 16 (2015) pp. 2575-2580.
• Xinmiao Lv, Siyu Zhao, Zhangchi Ning, Honglian Zeng, Yisong Shu, Ou Tao, Cheng Xiao, Cheng Lu, Yuanyan Liu, "Citrus fruits as a treasure trove of active natural metabolites that potentially provide benefits for human health" in Chemistry Central Journal vol. 9 (2015) no. 68
• N. E. Mustafa, "Citrus Essential Oils: Current and Prospective Uses in the Food Industry" in Recent Patents in Food, Nutrition and Agriculture vol. 7 (2015) pp. 115-127. Epitome
• Z. Zou, W. Xi, Y. Hu, C. Nie, Z. Zhou, "Antioxidant activity of Citrus fruits" in Food Chemistry vol. 196 (2016) pp. 885-896. Epitome

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad genus Citrus spectant.

Vide "Citrus" apud Vicispecies.

Situs scientifici: Tropicos • Tela Botanica • GRIN • ITIS • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • Plant Name Index • Plantes d'Afrique • Flora of China • Flora of North America • USDA Plants Database

• Citrus Pages (Anglice)
• Citrus Variety Collection (Universitas Californiensis apud Riverside)
• "The Origins of Citrus Research in California" e libro The Citrus Industry vol. 5 (1989) (Anglice)
• "Retracing early cultivation steps: Lessons from comparing citrus genomes" apud phys.org
• "The citrus in the old pharmacopoeias" apud Medicinal Plants